ubuhinzi – Page 9

Menya uko wakora Ubuhinzi bwa watermelon

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.),ibarizwa mu muryango wibihingwa wa Cucurbitaceae) iki gihingwa bivugwa ko inkomoko yacyo yaba ibarizwa muri Afurika y’amajyepfo. Imbuto za watermelon nazo bazita watermelon.
Uru rubuto ruribwa rudatetse; kandi runavamo umutobe ukunzwe cyane dore ko uba ukungahaye kuri vitamine zitandukanye ndetse Watermelon yiganjemo isukari ifitiye umubiri akamaro.


Muhinzi menya uko wakora Ubuhinzi bwa watermelon

Watermelon ni kimwe bihingwa kimeze nk’amadegede, kera k’uruyuzi. Aho rushobora kweraho ikidegede kimwe cyangwa kirenze kimwe. Kiribwa kidatetswe ndetse akaba ariho gitandukanira n’amadegede asanzwe ahubwo cyo cyengwamo umutobe ukunzwe cyane dore ko ukungahaye kuri vitamine zitandukanye n’amazi hatibagiwe n’isukari.
Mu kinyejana cya 19, umuhanga Alphonse de Candolle yakoze ubushakashatsi yemeza ko koko watermelon ikomoka muri Afurika aho yaribwaga n’abantu baturaniye amashyamba bafatwaga nkabakene ibi nabyo byatumaga bemeza ko watermelon ari ikimera cy’ishyamba .
Ikindi gihamya ko watermelon ikomoka muri afurika kandi ikaba ishobora kuba yarahingwaga mu kibaya cy’uruzi rwa Nili (Nile Valley) aho mukinyejana cya kabili mbere y’ivuka ryaYezu bagiye basanga ibisigazwa bya watermelon mu mirima urugero nko kubwami bwa 12 muri egiputa habonetse imbuto za watermelon mumva ya Farawo (Pharaoh Tutankhamun) . Watermelon kandi tuyisanga no mubyanditse byera Bibiliya aho bavugako abasogokoruza baba Isirayeli baziryaga igihe babaga bejeje igihe bari mubucakara muri Egiputa.

Amoko ya watermelon:
Wotermelon bivugwa ko yaba ifite amoko agera kuri 1200 The more than 1200 watermelon ishobora kugira amabara atandukanye bitewe n’ubwoko ibarizwamo.
Ubuhinzi bwa watermelon
Urubuto rwa Watermelon rumeze nk’igihaza kandi rurandaranda nk’uruyuzi, rukaba rushobora kweraho urubuto rumwe; ndetse hari n’ubwo rwera imbuto nyinshi rukunda ubushyuhe bwinshi .
Kwitegura guhinga watermelon
1.Hitamo ubwoko bwa watermelon wifuza guhinga: Igiciro cya watermelon ndavuga imbuto zo guhinga zigurishwa ku giciro gitandukanye bitewe nugurisha ndetse n’aho aherereye.
• Hitamo niba ugomba guhinga imbuto za watermelon cyangwa niba uzagemeka urubuto rwamaze guhingwa. Imbuto za Watermelon zikenera ubushyuhe bugera kuri degere 70.
Guhitamo akarere /umurima uhingamo watermelon:ikenera nibura urumuri cyangwa izuba mugihe kigera kumasaha atandatu buri munsi kugirango ikureneza kandi itange umusaruro. Intera igomba kujya hagati y’urubuto rwa watermelon ni metero imwe na centimeter 80 (1.80) ishobora kugabanuka bitewe n’ubwoko wahinze niba budakuracyane.
Watermelon kimwe nibindi bihingwa byinshi ikenera amazi ndetse n’ifumbire ikishimira ubutaka bufite ubusharire buri hagati ya 6.0 na 6.8(pH of 6.0 to 6.8.)
Guhinga imbuto za watermelon:Tunganya umurima wawe uwumaremo ibyatsi bibi ushyiremo ifumbire hanyuma usanze ubutaka uringanize hanyuma ucukure utwobo duto uragenda ushyiramo zambuto zawe aho buri rubuto wagombye kurushyira kubujya kuzimu bwa santimetero 2,5 (2.5cm) Shyiramo urubuto rumwe cyangwa zirenze rumwe gusa irinde kurenza imbuto enye .
Imbuto zitangira kumera mugihe kigera kuminsi iri hagati 7-10 uhereye kumunsi watereyeho ariko ibi nanone bizaterwa n’ubutaka ubushyuhe ndetse n’ubujyakuzimu urubuto rwawe ruriho. Aha uzitwararika ureba niba koko imbuto zawe zifite amazi ahagije byaba ataribyo ukavomerera.
Gusarura
Sarura imbuto zeze . Mu gihe cyiza ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe imbuto zerera amezi ane .
Watermelon yasaruwe ntiyagombye kurenza iminsi 10 mu bubiko
Intunga mubiri dusanga muri watermelon
• watermelon igizwe na 6% by’isukari na 91% by’amazi. Nkuko bizwi kumbuto nyinshi watermelon nayo ikungahaye kuri vitamin C, amino-acid citrulline.

Ubuhinzi bw’ibitunguru bitukura

Ubuhinzi bw’ibitunguru bitukura Amakuru yashyizwe ahagaragara na kaminuza yitiriwe Pierre et Marie Curie mu gihugu cy’u Bufaransa, avuga ko ibitunguru ari kimwe mu mboga zitaruhanya mu kuzihinga, zikunda ubutaka butandukanye, ndetse bikaba bishobora no kwemera ubutaka busharira hagati ya PH ya 4.6 na 6.5, bityo ugasanga gitandukanye n’izindi mboga mu murima, aho nyinshi muri zo zikundira ubutaka budasharira.
Aha bavuga ko usanga igitunguru gishobora guhingwa mu butaka busharira cyangwa budasharira bwose kigashobora kubwihanganira, ndetse kikagerageza gutanga umusaruro ugaragara.
Nk’uko ayo makuru akomeza abivuga, usanga igitunguru gishobora guhingwa gifashishijwe imbuto cyangwa utujumba twacyo. Aha bavuga ko ari byiza kugihinga wifashishijwe utujumba twacyo (sets) kuko bigabanya cyane ikibazo cy’indwara zangiza ibitunguru, ndetse bikanoroha cyane ku guhita gifata mu butaka gihinzwemo mu buryo butagoranye.
Ayo makuru avuga ko utujumba tw’igitunguru duhenda cyane ugereranyije n’imbuto, ariko kandi na none ukaba wizeye ko uzabona umusaruro munini kuko nta ngemwe zipfa nyinshi. Aha bavuga ko ari byiza kubanza fuhumbika kugira ngo umusaruro ube mwinshi.
Ubusanzwe ibitunguru bikomoka ku mugabane wa Aziya, mu bihugu nka Pakistan. Usanga igitunguru gifite umwihariko wo kuryoshya ibiryo, ariko kandi kikaba kizwiho kuba umuti w’indwara ziterwa na mikorobe zitandukanye cyane cyane uduhumyo.
Ayo makuru agaruka ku buhinzi bw’igitunguru, aho bavuga ko bitabuza kugihingana ifumbire nk’uko bikorwa no ku bindi bihingwa. Ibyo bituma gishobora kugandara, kikaba cyatanga umusaruro mwinshi waba uw’amababi cyangwa ibijumba byacyo muri rusange.
Kugeza ubu mu Rwanda hahingwa ibitunguru, ariko usanga akenshi hahingwa bike bituma biba bike ku isoko n’igiciro cyabyo kikaba kiri hejuru.
UKO BAHINGA IBITUNGURU
Ifumbire ushyira ibiro bibiri kuri metero kare y’ubuso ( 2kg/m2)
Bikunda ahantu hava izuba: soleil
Hagati y’igitunguru n’ikindi ushyiramo intera ya : 10cm
Hagati y’umurongo n’undi ushyiramo intera ya : 25cm

Ubuhinzi bw’indimu

Indimu ni zimwe mu mbuto ziboneka ahantu henshi kwisi nahano mu Rwanda uzisanga hafi ku masoko yose ziraboneka zicuruzwa mumezi yose agize umwaka .Urubuto (indimu) ifite ishusho yiburungushuye ikagira igishishwa kigira umubyimba munini ifite ibara ry’umuhondo ujyakuba orange .Indimu zikunze gukoreshwa cyane munganda zikora imitobe ,indimu ikaba itanga umusaruro mwinshi birumvikana n’agafaranga kumuhinzi wayo!
Incamake
Ubuhinzi bw’indimu
Citrus limon, izina ryayo rya gihanga ry’ igiti cy’indimu , indimu ishobora kugeza ku burebure bwa buri hagati ya 3m na 6m, amababi yayo agira ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi. Indabo z’indimu zigira ibara ry’umweru wifitemo akabara ka orange aho uzasanga mu gihe cyo kurabya impumuro ari yose aho ihinze bityo bigakurura inzuki ziza guhova . Iyo yeze usanga urubuto rugira igishishwa kinini kandi ikarangwa no kugira amazi cyane(umutobe).
Ubuhinzi
Citrus lemon ntabwo ari igiti cyihanganira ubukonje . kuberako ukwihangana kwayo mu bijyanye n’ubukonje budashobora kujya munsi ya dogere esheshatu munzi ya zero (-6°C). Kubakunda imitako indimu ntabwo zikunze guhingwa mu nzu ahubwo ibyiza ni ukuzihinga hanze kugirango zibone urumuri ndetse n’ubushyuhe zifuza .
Indimu zisaba ubutaka bufite amazi gusa icyiza cy’indimu ni uko hafi ubutaka bwose zishobora kubwihanganira . Zifite ubushobozi bwo kuba zahingwa no kubutaka busanzwe budasabye ifumbire cyangwa ibindi byihariye . Zikunda guhingwa kubutaka bwifitemi icyo twita ubusharire kugipimo cyiri hagati ya 5,5 na 6,5(pH compris entre 5,5 et 6,5).
Gutubura imbuto
Ushobora kubona imbuto zoguhinga ukoresheje uburyo buzwi ku izina ryo kugemeka.

Karoti zera neza nyuma y’amezi 3 kugeza kuri 4 zitewe

Karoti zera neza nyuma y’amezi 3 kugeza kuri 4 zitewe Karoti ni ubwoko bw’imboga bukunze guhingwa mu Rwanda kandi bukungahaye ku mavitamini nka vitamin A,B,C na E. Iki gihingwa ni igihingwa gitanga umusaruro mwiza iyo umuhinzi akitayeho kandi kikaba gishobora kuzamura iterambere ry’umuhinzi wacyo.
Nk’uko tubikesha imfashanyigisho itangwa n’ikigo cya RHODA gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’imbuto,imboga ndetse n’indabyo, ubu kikaba cyarabaye ishami ry’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe guteza imbere ibihingwa byoherezwa mu mahanga NAEB, karoti zihingwa mu murima urambuye cyangwa se mu turima dufite m 1,2 mu bugari,naho uburebure bw’umurima bugaterwa n’uko umuhinzi abishaka.
Iyo umuhinzi amaze gutegura umurima, kuwufumbira no gutegura uturima ateramo karoti, igikurikiraho ni ugukora imirimo nko guca imirongo igororotse asiga cm 30 hagati yayo,umurama wa karoti uterwa ukavangwa n’umucanga
Igihingwa cya Karoti gisaba kwitabwaho n’abahinzi bacyo nibwo gitanga umusaruro mwiza
kugira ngo ubucucike bw’umurama bugabanuke.
Mu gutera umurama wa Karoti,umuhinzi aminjira umurama wa Karoti uvanze n’ivu muri ya mirongo,nyuma akorosa agataka gake ku murama wanyanyagijwe mu mirongo. Iyo birangiye hatwikirizwaho ibyatsi ahamaze guterwa no kuvomerera.
Imirimo yindi ikorerwa karoti
Karoti zimera nyuma y’ibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu zitewe. Iyo zameze bakuraho ibyatsi byari bitwikiriye umurima. Iyo Karoti zifite cm 5 z’uburebure,umuhinzi arazicira,agasiga nka cm2 hagati ya karoti n’indi. Igihe cyose hamezemo ibyatsi karoti zigomba kubagarwa kandi zikanasukirwa. Ni byiza kuvomerera karoti igihe imvura itagwa kugira ngo ubutaka bugumane ubuhehere kandi karoti zikure neza. Bavomerera mu gitondo izuba ritararasa na nimugoroba izuba rirenze.
Umusaruro
Igihingwa cya Karoti gisaba kwitabwaho n’abahinzi bacyo nibwo gitanga umusaruro mwiza
Karoti zera neza nyuma y’amezi 3 kugeza kuri 4 zitewe

Mu buhinzi bwa karoti ubusanzwe,karoti zera nyuma y’amezi 3 cyangwa 4 zitewe. Ikigaragaza ko karoti zeze neza ni uko amababi yazo atangira kuba umuhondo akagenda Yuma ahereye hejuru. Ikindi kandi ubutaka buriyasa ku buryo bugaragara.
Umusaruro wa Karoti kuri Ari 1 ni ukuvuga 10mx10m uba uri hagati y’ibiro 150 n’ibiro 200. Ni ukuvuga ko kuri 1ha 100mx100m umusaruro wa Karoti uba uri hagati ya Toni 15 na 20. Ni byiza ko karoti zisarurwa zigiye guhita zitekwa. Iyo karoti zahingiwe kugurisha nabwo zisarurwa bahita bazijyana ku isoko. Ni ngombwa kuzirandura neza batazikomeretsa kuko byazitesha igiciro kiza ku isoko.
Guhunika karoti
Karoti zishobora kubikwa mu butaka mu gihe kingana n’ukwezi kumwe ntacyo zibaye. Karoti kandi zishobora kubikwa mu byuma bikonjesha byabugenewe”cold rooms/chambers froides”zikaba zamara igihe kiri hagati y’ukwezi kumwe n’amezi atandatu. Aho karoti zibikwa ntihagomba kuba hari imbuto zitwa pome/pomme/apple cyangwa puware/poires/pears kuko karoti zifata impumuro y’izo mbuto. Ku bahinzi ba karoti rero n’abashaka kuzihinga ni ahanyu kugira ngo mubikore mukurikije amabwiriza muhabwa n’impuguke n’ibigo by’ubuhinzi mu Rwanda kugira ngo mugire umusaruro mwiza ubafasha kwiteza imbere.

Ibinyomoro byitaweho bitanga umusaruro mwiza

Iyo ibinyomoro byitaweho bitanga umusaruro mwiza ku muhinzi kandi bikamuteza imbere cyane iyo akurikiza amabwiriza asabwa mu kubihinga.
Ibinyomoro ni igihingwa gikomoka mu gihugu cya Shili, Equateur na Boliviya muri Amerika y’Amajyepfo. Amakuru menshi avuga ko ibinyomoro kimwe n’izindi mbuto nyinshi byaba byaraje mu Rwanda bizanywe n’abanyamahanga( abazungu cyane cyane abamisiyoneri). Byatangiye biterwa cyane cyane kuri za misiyoni, nyuma Abanyarwanda bagenda babitera hirya no hino nk’uko bitangazwa n’ imfashanyigisho z’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi n’ubworozi ( RAB )
Hari amoko menshi y’ibinyomoro
Ibinyomoro birimo amoko menshi atandukanywa cyane n’uko urubuto ruteye ndetse n’ibara ry’urubuto rweze n’ingano y’igiti. Mu Rwanda haboneka amoko atatu atandukanywa n’ubunini n’ibara ry’urubuto. hari amoko yera ibinyomoro binini n’ayera ibinyomoro bito akunze kuba umuhondo cyangwa umutuku. Ibinyomoro bigira ibara ry’imbuto ry’umutuku usanga bikunzwe ku masoko kubera ibara ryabyo.
Uko ibinyomoro biteye n’ubutaka bikunda
Ibinyomoro ni ibiti by’umubyimba muto bigira imizi itari miremire n’uburebure bushobora kugera kuri metero 6. Bikunda uturere dukonja ,ahantu hagwa imvura igabanije neza mu mwaka iri ku gipimo cya mm 1200-3000 ku mwaka, ubutumburuke kugera kuri metero 3000. Ibinyomoro byera neza mu butaka burimo ifumbire, bufite ubutote buhagije kandi buhitisha amazi n’umwuka. Ibinyomoro ntibyihanganira ahantu hareka amazi cyangwa humagaye.
Ibyitabwaho mu buhinzi bw’ibinyomoro
Gutegura umurama ni uburyo bwa mbere bwitabwaho mu buhinzi bw’Ibinyomoro. Umurama cyangwa ingemwe z’ibinyomoro, ugomba kuva ku biti cyangwa ingemwe zitarangwaho uburwayi. Birabujijwe gutera ingemwe zavuye ku murama uva ku biti birwaye kuko iyo uteye bene izo ngemwe zikwirakwiza uburwayi.
Gutegura umurama uzatanga ingemwe ni uburyo bwa kabiri bwitabwaho. Mu guhitamo aho umurama w’ibinyomoro uzaturuka ni ngombwa kwitondera ibi bikurikira: umuhinzi ahitamo igiti cy’ikinyomoro kitagaragaza uburwayi na bucye,cyakuze neza kandi cyera imbuto nyinshi kandi nini. Asarura imbuto z’ibinyomoro zeze neza kandi zidafite ubusembwa zihishije neza kandi mbere yo kuzikata agomba kubanza kuzironga mu mazi arimo Jik, urugero rumwe rwa Jik mu ngero 3 z’amazi cyangwa amazi arimo umunyu w’igisoryo. Ibi byica indwara zaba ziri inyuma ku gishishwa cy’ibinyomoro.
Usatura imbuto z’ ibinyomoro mo kabiri ukavanamo imbuto zivanze n’umutobe ukoresheje ikiyiko. Hanyuma ukabishyira mu icupa ripfundikirwa ukongeramo amazi ugapfundikira, hanyuma uhugutisha imbuto zivanze n’umurenda, imbuto zimaze guhuguta zirongwa mu mazi arimo javeli (5%). Imbuto zimaze kurongwa zishyirwa mu gacucu, mu ibase cyangwa mu gatambaro gasukuye neza, zigashyirwa mu gacucu ku buryo zikamukamo amazi . Ibyo birangiye, umurama uragosorwa. Umurama ubonetse ushobora guhita uhumbikwa cyangwa ukabikwa ahantu hahehereye. Imbuto zibikwa ahantu hahehereye mu mabahasha y’impapuro ariko nturenze amezi 3 utaraterwa kuko iyo arenze ntizimera kubera ko ubushobozi bwo kumera “ pouvoir germinatif ” bw’umurama bugenda bugabanuka cyane.
Gukora ubuhumbikiro
Umurama w’ibinyomoro ubibwa ku bujyakuzimu bwa mm10. Hirindwa kuwegeranya ,utwikirizwa utwatsi dukeya kandi uravomerera igihe kitari iki imvura.
Kwimura ingemwe mu bihoho ( muri pipiniyeri )
Iyo utugemwe tugize nibura cm 5 ni ukuvuga nyuma y’ukwezi, twimurirwa mu bihoho byateguwe muri pipiniyeri. Hakurikiraho kujya bavomerera nibura 2 ku munsi mu gitondo na nimugoroba. Ni ngombwa kwibuka kumenera ubutaka mu bihoho igihe cyose bigaragara ko ari ngombwa. Ingemwe zimaze kugira cm15-25 ni ukuvuga zifite igihe cy’amezi 2 kugeza kuri 3 nyuma yo kwinaza zishobora kwimurirwa mu murima wateguwe neza.
Gutera no kwita ku binyomoro
Umurima mushya w’ibinyomoro ushyirwa kure y’umurima ushaje wabyo. Bishobotse hagashyirwaho uruzitiro rw’ibiti “ haie vive ” rutandukanya iyo mirima yombi. Ni ngombwa gutera ingemwe z’ibinyomoro igihe imvura itangiye kugwa kugira ngo zifate neza. Ibi bikorwa mu kwezi kwa Nzeri n’uk’Ukwakira. Ibinyomoro biterwa mu mirongo bitandukanijwe n’intera iri hagati ya m1 na 1,5m hagati y’igiti n’ikindi na metero 4,5-5 hagati y’umurongo n’undi. Iyi ntera ituma ibinyomoro bidacucikirana mu murima kandi igabanya ikwirakwizwa ry’indwara kandi gutera umuti biroroha.
Ku ntera ya 1,5m hagati y’igiti n’ikindi na metero 4,5 hagati y’imirongo haterwa nibura ingemwe 1450 kuri hegitari. Hashyirwamo ifumbire ya garama 80 za NPK17-17-17 n’ibiro 30 by’ifumbire y’imborera ku giti.
Indwara n’ibyonnyi by’ibinyomoro
Ikibazo gikunze kugaragara cyane mu binyomoro ni indwara yitwa “ powederly milew ” iterwa na mikorobe zo mu bwoko bw’uduhumyo zitwa “oidium sp ” bikagabanywa no gutera umuti wica udukoko “ insecticide ” ivanze n’isabune cyangwa imiti ikomoka kuri “ neem”. Hari kandi inzoka z’ibihingwa “ nematodes ” iterwa n’inzoka yitwa “ meloidogyne sp”root rot (kubora kw’imizi) cyangwa crown rot iterwa na phyotophthora sp) no kuraba biterwa na pseudomonas salanacearum. Kwita neza ku murima uteyemo izi mbuto bigabanya izi ndwara.
Gusarura ibinyomoro
Ibinyomoro bitangira gusarurwa mu mwaka umwe bitewe, bigatangirana umusaruro muke ugera kuri toni 4 kuri hegitali. Uyu musaruro ugenda wiyongera ku buryo mu mwaka wa gatatu ushobora kugera kuri toni 16 kuri hegitari. Hanyuma umusaruro ugenda ugabanuka mu myaka ikurikiraho ku buryo muri rusange kimara imyaka 4 mu murima ariko bishobora kuyirenza bitewe n’ukuntu byafashwe.
Intungamubiri dusanga mu binyomoro n’akamaro kabyo mu muryango
Nk’uko bigarukwaho ku rubuga rwa interineti umuhinzi.com, Ibinyomoro bigira vitamini C ku rugero rutandukanye bitewe n’ubwoko bwacyo. Ibinyomoro bikize ku myunyu nka Fer na Potasiyumu. Ibinyomoro bikize kandi kuri vitamine A, B6 na E. Ibinyomoro bikennye ariko ku bitangangufu ariko bikagir uruhare mu kongera amaraso mu mubiri ku bantu bamwe na bamwe bayabuze.

Inkuru dukesha –orinfor

Uko bahinga urusenda

Uko bahinga urusenda Urusenda ni ikiribwa cyamamaye ku isi yose. Uretse kuba rubarirwa mu ndyoshyandyo ndetse rufasha mu kongera ubushake buhagije bwo kurya, urusenda rugirira umubiri akamaro gakomeye aho rutuma imyanya imwe n’imwe yo mu kanwa no mu gifu ikora neza ndetse n’igogora ry’ibiryo rikagenda neza.
Bijya binavugwa ko umuntu ufite amibe n’ikibazo cyo mu mara (intestine worms) bamutegeka kurya urusenda. Urusenda kandi rutangirwa n’ubuhamya ko rutera akanyabugabo. Urusenda kandi rukoreshwa no mu kwica udukoko dutandukanye dutera indwara mu bihingwa. Urusenda rushobora kuribwa rukiri rubisi cyangwa rwumye. Rushobora no gukoreshwa nka salade nk’urwo bita sweet pepper (urusenda ruryohera), bashobora ku ruteka cyangwa rugakorwamo ibindi bintu bitandukanye (hot pepper, ketchup, imiti n’ibindi). Umusaruro w’urusenda ku rwego mpuzamahanga, nk’uko imibare yatanzwe na FAO (Ishami ry’umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa) yerekana ko Ubushinwa bufite umwanya wa mbere ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu guhinga urusenda no kurucuruza.
Bimwe mu bigize urusenda bishobora kugirira umubiri akamaro ni ku magarama 100 y’urusenda agizwe na garama 74 z’amazi, ibitera imbaraga KJ 395, 94 by’umunyungugu wa Kalisiyumu, garama 4.1 za poroteyine, garama 2.3 by’ibinyamavuta, garama 18 za carbohydrate, amagarama 6 y’umunyungugu wa Fibure, amagarama 50 ya Kalisiyumu, 101 y’umunyungugu wa Manyeziyumu na Fosifore, amagarama 2.9 y’umunyungugu wa Feri, amagarama 7.14o za Beta (B), amagarama 0.2 ya Carotene, 0,25 garama za Thiamin, amagarama 20 ya riboflavin na garama 121 za ascorbic acid. Nk’uko bitangazwa n’urubuga Rwanda Horticulture Development Authority (Rhoda) ubu isigaye ibarizwa muri NAEB (National Agriculture Export Board) ngo urusenda rugizwe n’ibyubaka umubiri byinshi. Iyo akaba ariyo mpamvu rukwiye kwitabwaho cyane. Bakomeza bavuga ko amoko y’urusenda ari menshi ariko ku masoko mpuzamahanga hakaba hakunzwe cyane ubwoko bwa California wonder, Yolo wonder, Emirald giant, Bird’s eye.
Imiterere y’urusenda
Urusenda ni igiti gishobora gukura kikaba cyagera kuri metero 2 z’uburebure. Gifite amababi menshi kandi kikaba gishobora kwera kabiri mu mwaka. Urusenda ruri mu bwoko bw’ibinyamisogwe. Ubwoko bw’umusogwe bwigaragaza bukurikije ubwoko bw’urusenda, kuko hari uruba icyatsi, umutuku, umuhondo n’andi mabara atandukanye. Urusenda rwo mu bwoko bwa Chili (Bushari) ni urusenda rwihuta mu mikurire yarwo, indabo zarwo ziba ziri hamwe ari umweru ndetse rukagira imisogwe miremire ireshya na santimetero 2 kugeza kuri 16 rukaba rutukura. Bene urwo rusenda rushobora kuribwa ari icyatsi kibisi cyangwa rwumishijwe.
Kubirebana n’aho urusenda rukunda, ngo rushobora guhingwa mu Rwanda hose ukurikije ubwoko bwarwo n’imiterere y’ikirere. Gusa ngo umuhinzi agomba kwita cyane ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 15 na 25 ndetse n’ubutumburuke bugera kuri metero 2000. Imvura igomba kuba iri hagati ya milimetero 600 na 900. Urusenda rushobora kwera ku butaka bwose ariko ubwo butaka bugomba kuba butarimo amazi menshi kandi bufite imyunyungugu ya ngombwa. Ibyo bikiyongeraho kuba bukize ku ifumbire y’imborera. Ubusharire (pH) bw’ubutaka bugomba kuba buri hagati ya 5.5 na 6.8.
Ku bijyanye n’ifumbire, urusenda rukenera ifumbire y’imborera, iboze neza ingana na toni 10 kuri hegitari imwe (10T/ha). Ifumbire mvaruganda yo ikoreshwa ku buryo bwa kilogarama 250 kuri hegitari TSP (Triple Super Phosphate) batera iyo urusenda rumaze kugira santimetero 15. Urusenda kandi rukenera ibiro 100 bya kilogarama ya CAN (Calcium Ammonia Nitrate) nyuma y’ukwezi rugakenera ibiro 200 kuri hegitari bya CAN.
Igihe cyo gutera urusenda
Kimwe n’ibindi bihingwa bica mu buhumbikiro, ingemwe z’urusenda zitegurwa muri Kamena. Gutera izo ngemwe bikorwa mu kwezi kwa Nzeri n’Ukwakira. Kubirebana n’uburyo bwo gutubura ingemwe, umuhinzi abanza Kwinaza. Aho yinariza urusenda hagomba gutegurwa neza nk’uko bigomba ku zindi mboga zibanza kunyuzwa mu buhumbikiro.
Mu buhumbikiro urusenda ruterwa kuri santimetero 20 hagati y’umurongo n’undi. Ubuhumbikiro kandi bugomba gutwikirwa kugira ngo burindwe imvura n’izuba. Na none kandi, ubuhumbikiro bushobora gukurwaho ibirindazuba mbere ho icyumweru kimwe ngo imbuto zigemurwe. Ubundi buryo bwo gutubura ingemwe ni ubwo bita Kugemura. Urusenda rugemurwa nibura rumaze kugira amababi 8 kugeza ku 10. Urusenda rugemurwa hashize iminsi iri hagati y’iminsi 30 na 40. Kugemura kandi, hatoranywa ingemwe zimeze neza, zikomeye. Kugemura bikorwa mu gitondo izuba ritarava cyangwa nimugoroba rimaze kurenga.
Uburyo bwa gatatu bwo gutubura ingemwe ni ubujyanye no gutegura umurima. Umurima ugomba gutegurwa neza nta rwiri rubonekamo, uhinze neza kugeza nibura kuri santimetero 30. Uwo murima ushyirwamo ifumbire umuhinzi yitwararitse ingero zifumbire zikwiriye.
Uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutera urusenda
Urusenda ruterwa kuri santimetero 40 hagati y’ngeri n’indi cyangwa hagati y’igiti cy’urusenda n’ikindi. Iyo umuhinzi ateye atanyujije mu buhumbikiro ni santimetero 30 hagati y’ingemwe n’indi. Ruterwa kuri santimetero 60 hagati y’umurongo. Urutanyujijwe mu buhumbikiro ni santimetero 70 hagati y’umurongo n’undi. Mu murima wa hegitari 1, hahingwamo ingemwe ziri hagati y’ibihumbi 50.000 na 80.000.
Ikintu gikwiye kwitonderwa mu gutera urusenda, ngo ni uko rudahingwa hamwe n’ibindi binyamisogwe. Ku birebana n’iminsi rwerera, ngo ubusanzwe nyuma y’iminsi 6 kugeza kuri 21, umumero w’urusenda uba watangiye kugaragara. Nyuma y’iminsi 60 kugeza kuri 90, ururabo narwo ruba rutangiye kuboneka. Imisogwe itangira kuboneka nyuma y’ibyumweru 4 kugeza kuri 5 nyuma y’aho ururabo rubonekeye. Urusenda ruba rweze neza hagati y’amezi 2.5 kugera kuri 3.
Indwara n’ibyonnyi
Urusenda rukunze kwibasirwa n’indwara y’Uruhumbu, iterwa n’agahumyo kitwa Peronospora tabacina. Ibimenyetso by’iyo ndwara ni uko ibibabi bizaho utudomo tujya kuba umukara dutwikiriwe n’uruhumbu rujya kuba umweru. Iyo ndwara ikunda gufata igihingwa kiri mu buhumbikiro. Irwanywa hakoreshejwe umuti witwa Ferban na Zineb. Indi ndwara n’iyitwa Antarakinose, iterwa n’agahumyo kitwa gloeosporium piperatum. Ni indwara ifata ibice byose cyane cyane ahakomeretse. Ibimenyetso biba byerekana ko ahafashwe huma nyuma hakabonekamo utudomo tw’umukara. Nyirabayazana w’iyo ndwara ni igihe hatewe imbuto zakomotse ku gihingwa kirwaye. Kuyirwanya nta kundi uretse guhinduranya ibihingwa mu murima ndetse no gutera imbuto zitarwaye. Ibyo bikiyongeraho gutera umuti nka Zineb, Naban, Ziram na Maneb.
Naho indwara ya Virusi igaragazwa n’ibimenyetso by’ibibabi n’imisogwe y’urusenda bihinduka umuhondo bikazaho utubara tujya kuba icyatsi cyijimye. Kuyirwanya ni uko igihingwa cyafashwe kigomba gukurwa mu bindi, kigatwikwa, kigashyirwa kure y’umurima uhinzwemo urusenda. Naho kurwanya udusimba dufata urusenda ngo ni ugukoresha imiti ya Malathion cyangwa Dimethoate.
Amateka y’urusenda
Bivugwa ko urusenda rwaturutse hagati mu majyepfo y’Amerika. Aho habonekaga ubwoko bugera muri 25. Ubundi muri Mexique niho hari inkomoko y’urusenda ruto rw’umutuku rukunze kuboneka mu gihugu cy’u Rwanda. Urusenda rwageze muri Afurika ruzanywe n’abacuruzi b’abacakara bari bavuye mu bihugu bya Karayibe no mu burengerazuba bw’Ubuhinde.
Umurumbuko w’Urusenda uboneka ngo iyo ruhinzwe neza ku buryo bwa kijyambere aho rushobora gutanga umusaruro ungana na toni 15 kuri hegitari 1. Imirimo yo gusarura ishobora gukorwa mu gihe cy’amezi ane kugeza kuri atandatu. Rusarurwa hakoreshejwe amaboko, rugashyirwa mu kintu gitunganyijwe neza. Ni byiza gushyira umusaruro mu gikoresho cya palasitike. Naho kuruhunika, urusenda rushobora kubikwa igihe kingana n’ibyumweru bitanu ahantu hari ubushyuhe bwa dogere 4 n’ubuhehere bugera kuri 95% naho urusenda rutunganyijwe (ruseye) rushobora kubikwa igihe kirekire.
source:orinfor