ubuhinzi – Page 8

Ubuhinzi bw’Urutoki

Ubuhinzi bw’Urutoki Ruhingwa cyane ku nkombe z’i Kivu, umurambi n’umukenke by’iburasirazuba. Ruhingwa mu butaka bw’ibumba rivanze n’imborera kandi buhitisha amazi.
Amoko yamamazwa:
• Ibitoki biribwa: Ingaju, Mbwaziruma, Injagi, Mpologoma,
Icyerwa,…
• Ibitoki by’imineke: Poyo, Kamaramasenge, FHIA 17, FHIA 25, Gros
Michel, …
Gutegura umurima:
• Kurwanya isuri.
• Guhinga umurima.
• Gucukura imyobo ya cm 60 z’ubujyakuzimu na cm 60
z’umurambararo; ubutaka buvuye hejuru busubizwa mu mwobo bukavangwa n’ifumbire.
Gufumbira:
• Bashyira Kg 20 z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza mu mwobo umwe.
• Bakongeramo g 125 za NPK17.17.17 cyangwa g 125 za Urea, mu mwobo, mu gihe cy’itera .
• Nyuma insina zimaze gukura, ifumbire ijya ishyirwa ku muzenguruko w’insina (muri cm 60) mu ibimba ritari rirerire kugira ngo imizi y’insina itangirika (rimwe cyangwa kabiri mu mwaka).
Gutera imibyare:
• Batera imibyare ivuye mu rutoki rutarwaye kandi rwera neza, isongoye hejuru, ifite inguri nini, imizi n’ibitaka byavanweho; ikagira n’uburebure buri hagati ya cm 80 na m 1,50.
Batera imibyare iri hagati ya 1.100 kuri Ha.
• Batera kuri m 3 hagati y’imirongo na m 3 ku mirongo (hagati y’umwobo n’undi), bitewe n’ubwoko.
• Bashyira umubyare umwe mu mwobo.
• Igihe cy’itera: biba byiza cyane iyo urutoki rutewe mu mvura y’umuhindo yo muri Nzeri cg Ukwakira kuko imvura y’impeshyi isanga zimaze gukura. Icyakora no mu mvura ya Gashyantare bashobora gutera urutoki.
Kurukenura (Kurukorera cg Kurufata neza):
• Gusasira, gushangurura, kuzicira, gukata imyanana, kuzitega inzego.
• Kurimbura inguri zishaje.
• Gusimbura urutoki rushaje.
Igihe rwerera:
• Hagati y’amezi 12 na 15 ku bitoki by’inzoga n’ibiribwa.
• Hagati y’amezi 18 na 20 ku bitoki by’imineke.
Indwara n’ibyonnyi
A). INDWARA Z’INGENZI N’UBURYO BWO KUZIRWANYA

Indwara ya Fizariyoze iterwa n’agahumyo bita Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cubense; insina yafashwe amakoma agenda ahinduka umuhondo uhereye kuyo hasi. Nyuma y’iminsi mike amakoma aruma maze agatendera ku mutumba, umwumba nawo uhita wuma. Iyo utemye umutumba usangamo ububore bugaragazwa n’amabara y’ikigina n’ayirabura. Iyi ndwara yibasira cyane ubwoko bw’insina za Kayinja, Gros michel, Kamaramasenge n’izindi. • Basarura hagati ya 8 T na 35 T/Ha z’ibitoki bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga.
• Babica igihe bikomeye, bagahita babiteka cyangwa babitara hanyuma bakabivanamoumutobe, urwagwa….; mu nganda bavanamo ibisuguti na za divayi zinyuranye.

Kamaramasenge ni insina isaba umuhinzi wayo kuyitaho

Kamaramasenge ni insina isaba umuhinzi wayo kuyitaho Musomyi, Muhinzi mworozi, ushobora kuba warashakaga kumenya byinshi ku bijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’insina ya Kamaramasenge, akamaro kayo, ibisabwa mu buhinzi bwayo, imiterere n’uburyo bategura umurima bayihingamo, uko yafatwa igihe iri mu murima, ifumbire ikenera cyane, indwara zifata iyi nsina, uko zirindwa n’ibindi.
Ku bafite ibibazo nk’ibyo reka tubasubize twifashishije igitabo cyitwa “Imfashanyigisho ku buhinzi bwa Kamaramasenge, Inanasi na Marakuja” igitabo cyasohotse muri Nyakanga 2009 ku bufatanye bwa Minagri (Ikigo cyayo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’imbuto,imboga n’indabyo”RHODA” ubu cyagiye muri NAEB),PASNVA ndeste na Empowering Development.
Ibiranga Kamaramasenge
Kamaramasenge ni insina izwi ku izina rya gihanga rya “Musa paradisiaca. Iyi nsina ikaba iri mu nsina zikunzwe ku isi kubera uburyohe bw’imineke yayo. Irangwa no kugira amabere matoya afite uburebure buri hagati ya 8cm na 12cm n’uburemere buri hagati ya 60g na 80g.
Imineke yayo iraryohera kurusha indi mineke yose. Izi nsina ziri mu bwoko bw’insina 300 zihingwa ku isi. Iki gihingwa ni kimwe mu byinjiza amafaranga y’amahanga mu Rwanda.
Ikaba ikunze guhingwa mu Rwanda ndetse no ku isi. Kubera uburyohe bwayo ndetse n’uko yinjiza amafaranga menshi biyitera kuba mu nsina zihingwa cyane mu Rwanda.
Imiterere y’ubwoko bwiza bwa Kamaramasenge
Kamaramasenge yamamazwa ni « Musa paradisiaca », irangwa no kuba ifite imineke ya 8cm-12cm n’uburemeremere buri hagati ya 60g na 80g.
Uko imibyare ya Kamaramasenge yo guterwa igomba kuba imeze
Imibyare yo gutera igomba guturuka ku rutoki rwa Kamaramasenge rutarwaye kandi rwera neza. Igomba kuba isongoye hejuru ifite inguri nini,imizi n’ibitaka byavanyweho kandi ifite uburebure buri hagati ya 80cm na 150cm. Imibyare igomba kubanza gutunganywa kugira ngo idakwirakwiza indwara.
Ibi bigakorwa icishwa mu mazi yabize nibura amasegonda 30. Kugeza ubu hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutubura imibyare : hariho uburyo busanzwe,aho insina itanga imibyare, hariho ugukata umutima w’insina kugirango inguri itange imibyare myinshi, hari n’uburyo bwo gutubura imibyare muri Pipiniyeri. Kuri ubu hasigaye hakoreshwa imibyare yakorewemuri Laboratwari kugirango hirindwe indwara.
Ese hasabwa iki mu buhinzi bwa Kamaramasenge?
Kugira ngo ubuhinzi bwa Kamaramasenge bushobore gutanga umusaruro wifuzwa, hagombye kwitabwa kuri ibi bikurikira:
Duhereye ku miterere y’ikirere Kamaramasenge yishimira ahantu haboneka imvura ku gipimo kiri hagati ya milimetero 1500 na 2500 mu mwaka,ikagwa igihe cyose mu mwaka cyangwa mu gihe kinini cy’umwaka.
Icyakora haramutse hariho uburyo bwo gucunga amazi y’imvura iboneka neza,Kamaramasenge ishobora no guhingwa no mu Turere tugira imvura iri hagati ya mm 900 na mm 1000.
Ubushyuhe muri rusange insina za Kamaramasenge zikunda ahantu hari ubushyuhe buri hagati ya Dogere Serisiyusi 24 na 27 ariko butari munsi ya Dogere 14 mu mwaka.
Ku cyerekeranye n’ubutumburuke ,iyi nsina ikura neza hagati ya metero 0 na metero 1800 hejuru y’inyanja. Ubutumburuke burenze1800m ntibuberanye na Kamaramasenge kuko ubukonje butuma iyi nsina idakura neza.
Ku kijyanye n’ubutaka yaterwamo, iyi nsina ikunda ahantu hari ubutaka bw’ibimba buvanze n’imborera,buhitisha amazi neza kandi bufite ubusharire buri hagati ya 5 ,6 na 7,5 kugirango itange umusaruro mwiza.
Imyunyu nka Azote na Potasiyumu ikenerwa ku bwinshi kugira ngo ubone umusaruro uhagije wa Kamaramasenge. Mu Rwanda, Kamaramasenge yera hose ariko cyane cyane mu murambi no mu mukenke w’Iburasirazuba.
Ibisabwa ku mirima igiye guterwamo insina
Umurima ugomba kuba urwanije isuri,uhinze neza,ugomba kuba waracukuye imyobo kandi umurima uterwamo imibyare ya Kamaramasende ni byiza kuba uzitiye. Mu gutunganya umurima hagomba kwitabwa kuri ibi bikurikira:
Ubuhaname (pente): izi nsina ntizikunda ahantu hahanamye cyane Biba byiza iyo idahinzwe ahadahanamye cyane cyangwa mu kabande.Iyo hahanamye ntizikura neza kubera ko ubutaka aba ari buke bitewe n’isuri.
Ndetse n’iyo wafata ingamba zo kurwanya isuri,urugero nko guca imiringoti( keretse uciye amaterasi) igihe kamaramasenge itanga umusaruro kiragabanuka.

Ibyatsi bibi : ibi byatsi niba biri mu murima watoranyijwe bigomba kurandurwa bigashyirwa ku mbibi z’imirima kugirango bitazongera gutanga imbuto z’ibyatsi bibi kuko bibangamira ubu buhinzi.Bishobora no gushyirwa mau ngarani kugirango bitange ifumbire.

Ni ngombwa kandi gutunganya uwo murima ugiye guteramo insina kugirango ibyatsi bibi bitazicura urumuri,imyunyungugu,n’amazi.
Ibiti: Niba umurima ukingirijwe n’ibiti,bigomba gutemwa kuko bikingiriza insina ntizibone umucyo cyane cyane iyo ibiti byegeranye.
Gutegura imyobo no gutera: Ni byiza guhinga Kamaramasenge ahantu itigeze ihingwa kuko nta ndwara ziba ziri mu butaka kuko zimwe mu ndwara za Kamaramasenge nka Fizariyote zishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri 50 mu butaka.
Mu gucukura imyobo har’igihe uyicukura mu rutoki rusanzwe ushaka gushyira insina aho zitari cyangwa gusimbura izidatanga umusaruro. Ni bibi cyane kongera insina za Kamaramasenge mu rutoki rwafashwe na Kirabiranya (BXW) n’ururimo udukoko twinshi twibasira insina.
Gucukura imyobo: Hagati y’umurongo n’undi hagomba buba intera ya 3m, no hagati y’umwobo n’undi hagomba gushyirwa imambo kandi naho haba hari 3m. Mu murima nibura wa Hegitari 1 hagomba kuba imyobo 1111.
Imirongo igomba kuba igororotse niba umurima uri ahantu harambitse kugirango urumuri rw’izuba rubashe kwinjira mu rutoki neza.Ariko kandi niba umurima uri ahantu hahanamye, imyobo igomba gucukurwa ikurikiye imiringoti kugirango urwanye isuri. Imyobo iterwamo Kamaramasenge igomba kuba ifite Santimetero 80 z’ubujyakuzimu na santimetero 100 z’ubugari kugirango inguri zitazaba ndende (inguri ishobora kuzamuka ikanama hejuru y’ubutaka).
Gucukura imyobo ifite ubujyakuzimu burenze cm 80 z’ubujyakuzimu byahenda kandi ntacyo byaba bimaze. Icyakora mu butaka bwiza (buseseka) ushobora gucukura imyobo ifite ubujyakuzimu n’umurambararo bya cm60-60.
Mu gihe cyo gucukura imyobo uzateramo ,itaka ryo kuri cm30 zo hejuru rishyirwa ku ruhande hanyuma n’irya cm 30 zo hasi zigashyirwa ku rundi ruhande. Imyobo icukurwa nibura amezi abiri ngo kamaramasende ziterwe kandi igashyirwamo ifumbire iboze neza iri hagati ya kg20-30 muri buri mwobo. Ibyo bikorwa habura ukwezi 1 ngo igikorwa cyo gutera gitangire.
Uburyo bwo gufumbira
Mu gufumbira hakoreshwa kg 20-30 z’ifumbire y’imborera ,amabase 3 cyangwa 2 iboze neza mu mwobo umwe,hongerwamo 125g za NPK17.17.17 cyangwa 125 za Ire mu gihe cy’itera.
Nyuma iyo Kamaramasenge zimaze amezi 3 zitewe , ifumbire yongera gushyirwa ku nsina igashyirwa ku muzenguruko w’insina muri cm 60 mu gaferege katari karekare kugirango imizi y’insina itangirika. Ifumbire ishyirwa ku nsina rimwe cyangwa kabiri mu mwaka mu gihe cy’imvura.
Imibyare igomba kuva mu rutoki rudafite indwara cyangwa hagakoreshwa iy’abatubuzi basanzwe batubura insina z’indobanure.Ni ngombwa kwirinda gutera imibyare ifite amakoma magari.
Bene iyo mibyare ntiba ifashe ku nguri ya nyina neza,bityo ntiba ifite inguri zikuze bihagije (irimo ibivumbikisho ) ku buryo bizayifasha ikavamo insina nziza zifite ingufu zimaze guterwa.Iyo mibyare myiza irangwa n’udukoma tureture kandi ifashe ku nguri ya nyina neza.
Iyo umaze gutoranya imibyare yawe ,igombwa gutemwa muri cm 15 uturutse ku nguri kugirango kuyitera byorohe. Ni ngombwa gukuraho amashanya ku nguri n’imyobo yose y’ahacukuwe ibivumvuri.
Gutunganya iyi mibyare bigomba gukorerwa mu rutoki ikuwemo.Umaze gutaha ushobora kwinika imibyare yawe mu mazi ashyushye afite Dogere 500 ikamaramo iminota 20 cyangwa ukayinika mu mazi yatuye ikamaramo amasegonda 30 cyangwa ukayinika mu miti yica udukoko twaseseye mu nguri. Iyo mibyare igomba guterwa mu gihe kitarenze icyumweru kugirango izafate neza.
Igihe cyo gutera imibyare
Kugirango imibyare nayo ikure neza,igomba kubona amazi ahagije mu mezi 3 cyangwa 4 akurikira guterwa kwayo. Niyo mpamvu yakagombye guterwa igihe cy’imvura kigitangira ni ukuvuga mu ntangiriro y’umuhindo kuko imibyare ikenera amezi 4 y’imvura kugira ngo izabashe kwihanganira kubaho itabona imvura. Ni ukuvuga ko zigomba guterwa hagati ya nzeri n’ukwakira.
Mu gihe ifumbire ishyizwe mu mwobo igihe cyo gutera,itaka ryo hejuru rivanze n’ifumbire iboze neza kandi ihoze ribanza mu mwobo. Nyuma ugashyiramo umubyare maze ugatwikiriza itaka ryo hejuru ku nkombe. Ubutaha tuzabagezaho uko insina iteye yafatwa n’ibindi

source:umuhinzi.com

Menya uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro w’urutoki

Menya uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro w’urutoki Urutoki rwitaweho neza rwongera iterambere ry’ umunyarwanda n’ igihugu muri rusange. Kugira ngo ubuhinzi bw’ urutoki burusheho kugira umusaruro ushimishije , abahinzi b’urutoki bakwiye kumenya gukorera urukoki neza. Kumenya uburyo bunoze bwo kwita ku rutoki, kumenya imbuto z’ indobanure, kumenya kuruvugurura, kumenya kurwicira, kurufumbira, kurusasira, kurwanya indwara, isuri n’ ibindi. Ibyo bikozwe neza nta cyatuma umuhinzi w’ urutoki atabona umusaruro uhagije
Uburyo bwo kubagara urutoki ibyatsi bibi byose bigomba kuva mu rutoki kuko bicuranwa ifumbire n’ insina imizi ntikure neza. Uretse n’ ibyo kandi ibyo byatsi bishobora kuba indiri y’ ibyonnyi. Ukihatira kurusasira kuko bigabanya ibyatsi bibi byangiza insina nk’ urwiri n’ ibindi. kumenya kwicira urutoki no kurufumbira kuko iyo imibyare ari myinshi iba igomba kugabanywa kugirango isigaye ikure neza.
Intera iri hagati y’ insina n’ indi : igomba kuba hagati y’ intabwe 3 kugera kuri 4. Buri nsina igomba kugira umwana umwe n’umwuzukuru umwe indi mibyare ukayivanaho. Iyo zidahagije wongeramo izindi.
Mu buryo bwo gufumbira naho ucukura agaferege gafite ishusho y’ ukwezi kareshya n’ intambwe y’ ikiganza mu bujyakuzimu, naho ku ntera n’ intambwe 3 z’ikiganza uturutse ku mubyare muto. Ushobora gukoresha ifumbire iboze neza waba udafite ihagije ugakoresha amakoma, imitumba n’ ibindi byatsi bibora ukongeramo agafumbire gake ufite.
Nyuma ukibuka ko gusasira nabyo ari ingenzi kuko birinda ubutaka kumagara , bikanarwanya isuri, bigafumbira kandi bikarinda mo n’ibyatsi byimezamo. Kugitoki kimaze kwana amabere yose y’ igitoki yamara gusohaka hanze ugakuraho umwanana. Iyo uwukuyeho uba ukumiriye indwara ya kirabiranya kandi n’amabere y’ igitoki aba manini bityo n’ igitoki kikaba kinini.
Abaturage bakwiye guhitamo ubuhinzi bwabafasha gutera imbere aho kuvanga imyaka myinshi kandi itabaha umusaruro, bashobora gukora ingendoshuri bajya basura bagenzi babo bagerageje guhinga neza kandi bagahinga kijyambere.Bagahinga bitaye kurengera ubuzima bwa muntu,amazi, ibidukikije, ubutaka ,urusobe rw’ ibinyabuziman’ ibindi.

imvaho nshya

Uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ibyonnyi by’insina

Uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ibyonnyi by’insina Udukoko dukunze kwibasira insina ziboneka mu Rwanda n’ibivumvuri n’amashanya. Ikintu cya mbere gishobora gukorwa mu kurwanya ibivumvuri ni ugutera imibyare mizima itarangijwe n’ibivumvuri. Ibyo bigerwaho binyuze mu guhata inguri mu buryo bwitondewe hagamijwe kureba ko harimo imyobo ndetse no kuvanamo ibimenyetso byose by’aho ikivumvuri cyangije. Niba inguri ifite imyobo myinshi, icyo gihe ntiba igomba guterwa. Inguri imaze guhatwa iterwa mu gihe cy’iminsi itarenze itanu.
Abahanga mu by’iyamamaza buhinzi basobanura ko insina zikenera Azote (N) na Potasiyumu (K) nyinshi, zigakenera Fosifore (P), Manyeziyumu (Mg) na Kaliziyumu (Ca) nke. Azote ngo ituma insina muri rusange ikura kandi igakomeza kugira amakoma y’icyatsi kibisi akagira n’ubuzima bwiza ku buryo ashobora gukurura imirasire y’izuba myinshi kugira ngo insina izatange igitoki kinini kurushaho. Fosifore ifasha insina kugira imizi ikomeye kandi ifite ubuzima bwiza ku buryo ishobora gukogota amazi n’ibitunga insina byinshi mu butaka. Potasiyumu ifasha mu bijyanye no kuvana ibitunga insina n’amazi mu butaka ikabijyana ikabigeza mu makoma no mu gitoki. Naho Manyeziyumu ifasha amakoma gukoresha imirasire y’izuba aba yakuruye kugira ngo akore ibitunga igihingwa.

Iyo ubutaka bukennye kuri ibyo bitunga ibimera, insina zigaragaza ibimenyetso akenshi bikunze kwitiranywa n’iby’indwara. Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibura rya N, K, P na Mg birimo Azote (N). Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Azote byigaragaza vuba kandi bigahita bikwira ku makoma yose. Ibyo bimenyetso ni Amakoma aba mato cyane kandi akaba icyatsi cyerurutse, Amakoma aba make ku nsina, intera iri hagati y’ikoma n’irindi iragabanuka ugasanga insina ifite amakoma acucitse cyane, insina ikura nabi ikagira umutumba unanutse cyane, ibitoki biba bito.

Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Potasiyumu (K) bigaragara insina igeze igihe cyo kwana. Bikubiyemo kugaragara ku makoma amabara y’umuhondo, amakoma agasaza imburagihe, akuma, umugongo w’ayo makoma akenshi urigonda cyangwa ukavunikira muri bibiri bya gatatu by’uburebure bw’ikoma maze rikareba hazi, insina igira amakoma mato, itinda kwana ndetse ibitoki bikaba bito cyane.
Naho kubirebana n’ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Fosifore ntibikunze kugaragara mu murima. Icyakora bikubiyemo insina ikura nabi inanutse kandi ntigira imizi ihagije , ku makoma nk’ane cyangwa atanu makuru, usanga ku mpande yaratakaje ibara ryayo. Hanyuma hazaho amabara y’ibihogo amakoma akagenda abora ku mpande, amakoma yafashwe arahinyarara kandi akavunika, amakoma akiri mato aba afitemo ibara rijya kuba ubururu.

Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibura rya Manyeziyumu mu butaka birimo amakoma makuru agira ibara ry’umuhondo ku mpande rikagendarigana ku mugongo w’ikoma, ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi rigasigara hafi y’umugongo w’ikoma gusa, ikoma rirushaho kuba umuhondo iyo ryitegeye izuba, aho amakoma atereye ku bivovo hazaho amabara ajya kuba isine, ibivovo byomoka ku mutumba.

Ingamba zo kubungabunga ubutaka n’amazi

Mu buhinzi bw’urutoki, ni ngombwa gufata ingamba zo kubungabunga ubutaka n’amazi. Ni ngombwa kurwanya isuri no kongera amazi acengera mu butaka butewemo urutoki. Uburyo bwo kubungabunga ubutaka n’amazi bukunze gukoreshwa, ni ubwo gucukura imiringoti, ibyobo byo gufata amazi no gukora ibirundo by’ibyatsi.

Imiringoti icukurwa mu rutoki ruhinze ahantu hahanamye kugira ngo ubutaka budatwarwa n’isuri. Na none, ituma amazi acengera mu butaka yiyongera. Iyo miringoti impamvu iba ifite santimetero 60 z’ubujyakuzimu na santimetero 60 z’ubugari, igacukurwa ku musozo w’umurima. Rimwe na rimwe, kuri iyo miringoti hashobora guterwaho ibyatsi nk’urubingo, vetiveri cyangwa ibiti bitangiza imyaka, bigaterwa haruguru y’imiringoti kugira ngo bifate ubutaka. Ibyo byatsi n’ibyo biti biba bishobora gutemwa bikagaburirwa amatungo, bigasisira urutoki cyangwa bikubakishwa.
Ibisigara iyo isarura rirangiye, ibyatsi bibi n’ibindi bimera babishyira ku murongo bigakora ikirundo ku musozi. Bituma ubutaka budatwarwa n’isuri. Ibyo byatsi bituma amazi acengera mu butaka yiyongera kandi iyo bimaze kubora bifumbira insina ziri hafi yabyo.

Amazi y’imvura amanuka ku musozi ayoberezwa mu byobo byo gufata amazi. Ibyo byobo bifata amazi amanuka ku musozi hafi ya yose kandi bituma amazi acengera mu butaka yiyongera. Na none ibyo byobo bituma ubutaka budatwarwa n’isuri.

Ibivumvuri byangiza insina (Cosmopolites sordidus)

Ikivumvuri gikuru gitera amagi hafi y’inguri y’insina cyangwa mu bisigazwa by’insina ahari ubuhehere. Iyo ayo magi amaze guturaga, ibishobobwa bivuyemo bicukura imyobo mu nguri no mu mutumba ariko bigenda byangiza. Ibyo bishorobwa birakura bikavamo ibivumvuri. Bifata iminsi hagati ya 30 na 40 kugira ngo igi riturage rizagere ubwo rivamo ikivumvuri gikuru. Ikivumvuri gikuri cy’ikigore gitera amagi 96 ku munsi kandi gishobora kumara imyaka iri hagati 3 n’ 4. Bityo rero, ibivumvuri bitarwanyijwe bishobora kwangiza urutoki cyane.
Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara biterwa n’ibivumvuri birimo kubangamira insina ntizamure neza amazi n’ibiyitunga, insina ikura nabi kandi ikananuka, insina itinda kwana, umusaruro uragabanuka, rimwe na rimwe insina irangirika burundu. Mu nsina zazonzwe cyane n’ibivumvuri, umutumba uvunikira aho ufataniye n’inguri.

Uko barwanya ibivumvuri byangiza insina, ikintu cya mbere gishobora gukorwa mu kurwanya ibivumvuri ni ugutera imibyare mizima itarangijwe n’ibivumvuri. Ibyo bigerwaho binyuze mu guhata inguri byitondewe kugira ngo umuhinzi arebe niba irimo imyobo kandi avanemo ibimenyetso byose by’aho ikivumvuri cyangije. Niba inguri ifite imyobo myinshi, icyo gihe ntiba igomba guterwa. Inguri imaze guhatwa iterwa mu gihe cy’iminsi itarenze itanu. Ibivumvuri by’insina bishobora na none kurwanywa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe, nko kugirira isuku urutoki ( gushangurura, gutemagura imitumba y’insina zisaruwe no kuyisanza, gucoca inguri kugira ngo zume) no gutega ibivumvuri hakoreshejwe imitumba y’insina zasaruwe.

Imitego yatezwe itegurwa nyuma y’amasaha 24, umuhinzi akavanamo ibivumvuri biri mu mitego akajya kubitwika. Umutego awusubizaho kandi ashobora kuwukoresha inshuro eshatu gusa. Nyuma y’iminsi itatu, ahindura umutego (umutumba mushya).

Amashanya (Nematodes)

Amashanya ni ubwoko bw’ibyonnyi bitagaragarira amaso, biba mu butaka, mu mizi n’inguri z’insina. Arya imizi agatuma yangirika. Ubwoko bw’amashanya bwangiza cyane bwitwa Rhodopholus similis bukunze kuboneka mu kibaya cya Rusizi mu Bugarama.
Akenshi ibimenyetso by’amashanya byitiranywa n’ibimenyetso byo kubura ifumbire n’amazi. Ibyo bimenyetso bikunze kuba imizi yangirika ntishobore kuzamura amazi n’ibitunga insina, insina ikura nabi igahinyagara, insina itinda kwana, igira igitoki gito, insina zirandukana n’imizi n’iyo hatari ibibazo by’umuyaga.

Ikimenyetso kigaragarira buri wese cy’ukuntu amashanya yangiza, ni uko insina iranduka yose uko yakabaye, cyane cyane izifite ibitoki.

Uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya amashanya ni ugutera imibyare mizima kandi igaterwa mu murima muzima itagaragayemo ibyonnyi. Uburyo bwo kubona imibyare mizima ibanza guhatwa kugira ngo umuhinzi avaneho imizi n’ibitaka hanyuma akayinika mu mazi ashyushye kugira ngo yice amashanya n’amagi yayo yose. Iyo urutoki rwafashwe n’ubwoko bw’amashanya bwangiza cyane, ruba rugomba kurandurwa hanyuma uwo murima ugahingwamo indi myaka, nk’imyumbati n’ibijumba mu gihe cy’imyaka ibiri, kuko byo bitibasirwa n’amashanya y’insina. Hanyuma, uwo murima ushobora kongera guterwamo.

imvaho nshya

Menya akamaro k’umuneke ku buzima

Menya akamaro k’umuneke ku buzima Imineke iri mu mbuto z’ibanze ku bantu batari bake ku isi. Igihe rubonetse, umuneke ngo ni urubuto rwa kabiri rufite akamaro ku mubiri w’umuntu.
Umuneke rero ngo ufite akamaro kanini ku bijyanye n’ibibazo by’umutima ndetse ngo unafasha mu itembera ry’amaraso, gutera k’umutima ndetse n’igogorwa ry’ibiryo.
Umuneke kandi ukungahaye kuri vitamin C, ituma umubiri w’umuntu ugira ubudahangarwa ikanarinda indwara zandura, ndetse na fer ituma amaraso yiyongera ndetse akanatembera neza mu mubiri.
Kuba ukungahaye kuri vitamin B6 kandi bituma umuneke ugira akamaro mu kugabanya isukari mu mubiri kugera ku rugero rukenewe ndetse no mu kongera abasirikare b’umubiri
Umuneke rero ni urubuto rw’ingenzi, ukaba ugomba kutabura ku ifunguro cyane cyane ku bana badakunda kurya, ku bantu bakunda gukora siporo ndetse no ku bantu bakora imirimo ivunanye.

Imyumbati ikungahaye ku mazi

Imyumbati ikungahaye ku mazi Umwumbati ni kimwe mu biribwa bikize ku mazi, kubera ko muri garama 100 harimo amazi ari hagati y’ikigereranyo cya 60 na 70 %. Amazi ni ingenzi mu mubiri w’umuntu kuko agira 70% by’ibiro umuntu aba afite. Amazi afasha mu igogora n’isukura ry’umubiri.
Uretse kuba umwumbati utanga ingufu ziri hagati ya kilokaroli 125 na 140 muri kilogarama 100 z’umwumbati utoshye kandi utonoye. Nk’uko bitangazwa na Laure Bichon, mu nyandiko y’imirire n’imbonezamirire, umwumbati na none ukungahaye ku mazi cyane igihe ukoreshejwe ugikurwa kuko uba ufite amazi ku kigereranyo kiri hagati ya 60 na 70 %. Bityo kuko umubiri w’umuntu ukenera amazi mu kuwusukura no gutuma ubuzima bugenda neza, bityo umwumbati ukaba ari kimwe mu biribwa biwufitiye akamaro. Si ibyo gusa kuko unafite ibinyasukari hagati y’i gipimo cya 32 na 35% kigizwe na amido, ibyobinyasukari bikaba bitera ingufu, ibyubaka umubiri ku gipimo cya 1,5 %, na seliloze ibonekamo hagati ya 3 na 4%. Seliloze ikaba ifasha mu mikorere myiza y’inzira y’igogora ku buryo kwiherera bitagorana, kuko igira uruhare mu koroshya ibyo umuntu aba yariye, ibinyamavuta byo biri hagati y’igipimo cya 0,2 na 0,5%.
Nk’uko inzobere mu by’imirire n’imbonezamirire babigaragaza,bavuga ko itewe n’uko imyumbati ari nkene mu byubaka umubiri ugereranyije n’ibyo umubiri uba ukeneye, vitamine, ibinyamavuta kimwe n’imyunyu ngugu, batanga inama ko ari byiza ko ikoreshwa ijyanishije n’ibiryo bikungahahaye ku byubaka umubiri n’ibinyamavuta kugira ngo indyo ibe iboneye. Ubusanzwe igaburo ryiza riboneye ni irikize ku bitanga ingufu, imikoranire myiza iringaniye hagati y’ibinyasukari,ibinyamavuta n’ibyubaka umubiri n’ibikomokaho poroteyine kuko umubiri ubwawo utazikora. Umubiri kandi ukenera imyunyungugu na vitamine.
Ingaruka z’imyumbati ikoreshejwe nabi
Imyumbati iri amoko abiri, iryoha igatekwa hakaba n’indi irura ibanza kwinikwa mbere yo kuribwa ,ngo umushari uvemo kuko ushobora no kwica umuntu. Uburure bukurwamo no kwinika, guhubika no kwanika ku zuba kuko ya mazi afite uburozinbugirira nabi umubiri avamo. Imyumbati irura ifite uburozi bwica insoro zitukura ,bishobora kuba intandaro y’umwingo kuko ikennye ku munyu ngugu witwa iyodi, kandi ubwo burozi butera ibibazo tiroyide , iyode ntifate. Igihe indyo yahora yiganjemo imyumbati gusa kandi binatuma habaho imikerererwe mu mikurire y’umwana.
Imyumbati ikoreshwa mu buryo bwinshi, itekwa igikurwa nk’ibijumba,itekwamo ubugari, ibibabi byayo biribwamo isombe bikungahaye ku myunyungugu ya kalisiyumu na fosifore. Mu nganda, imyumbati iishobora gukorwamo biswi na kole.
Imyumbati ikomoka ku mugabane w’Amerika y’epfo, ikaba ihangana n’ubutaka kimwe n’ibihe by’izuba n’ubwo ihingwa ryayo rikorwa mu gihe cy’imvura, ishobora guhinganwa n’indi myaka.

source:orinfor

uko ifumbire iva ku nkari itunganwa

uko ifumbire iva ku nkari itunganwa Uyu mushakashatsi afata inkari n’umwanda ukomeye uzwi nk’amazirantoki akabibyaza ifumbire ikoreshwa mu gufumbira imyaka.

Inkari zishyirwa mu njerekani zikamara iminsi 45

Atangaza ko ifumbire itunganywa mu nkari yoroha mu kuyitunganya kandi no kuyikoresha. Gusa, bisaba kuba ufite injerekani ushyiramo izo nkari ukazireka zikamara iminsi 45 kugira ngo ubukare (Azote) yatwika imyaka igabanuke. Ariko, mbere yo kuyifumbiza ubanza kuyifunguza amazi bitewe n’imyaka ugiye kuyishyiraho.
Nsanzimana akomeza avuga ko ifumbire itunganwa mu nkari umuntu wese ufite ubushake ashobora kuyitunganyiriza mu rugo rwe akaba yayifumbiza imyaka.
Icyakora, ngo gutunganya imyanda ikomeye (amazirantoki) kugeza ibyaye ifumbire bisaba ubwitonzi kuko igira udukoko twinshi twatera indwara kandi igafata hagati y’amezi umunani kugeza kuri 12 kugira ngo ibe ifumbire yakoreshwa. Ivangwa n’ishwagara, umurama w’ibarizo n’ibindi kugira ngo avemo ibintu bikomeye.

Kwanika ifumbire y’amatungo ku izuba birayangiza

Hirya no hino mu gihugu cyacu uhasanga ibirundo by’ifumbire ba nyirabyo baharunda ndetse bikanahamara igihe kinini mbere yo gukoresha iyo fumbire. Abahanga muby’ubuhinzi bavuga ko gushyira ifumbire kuzuba kandi igihe kinini biyigabanyiriza ubushobozi kubirebana n’ibitunga ibihingwa ifumbire iba ifite, bikagabanuka.
Ikindi kigaragara cyane mu mirima y’abahinzi ni ukunaga ifumbire hejuru mu mirima yabo maze ntibayirenzeho itaka na rikeya, bakibwira ko bafumbiye imyaka yabo uko bikwiye.
Mukiganiro twagiranye na bwana Mugabe Jean Paul, umugoronome ukorana na Caritas Rwanda, yasabye abahinzi kutanika ifumbire yabo kuko imyunyu igirira ubutaka n’ibimera akamaro yigendera bityo ifumbire yabo igapfa ubusa.
Kwanika ifumbire y’amatungo ku izuba birayangiza Kwanika ifumbire y’amatungo ku izuba birayangiza
Gushyira ifumbire kuzuba birayangiza
Mubigenda cyane iyo ifumbire yanitswe ku izuba harimo imyunyu ya Azote, ifasha ibimera kuzamuka mubutaka, Phosphore (fosifori) ifasha imbuto mukwera no gukomera kw’ibiti ndetse tutibagiwe CO2 ifatwa nk’ibiryo bya buri kintu gihumeka harimo n’ibimera.
Iyo ifumbire yumishijwe rero, nta mumaro iba igifitiye ibihingwa bigatuma abahinzi barumbya kandi bari bafite ifumbire. Uko gukayuka kw’imyunyu ngugu kugenda kwiyongera bitewe n’ingano y’izuba ifumbire iriho, kandi bigenda muburyo bw’umwuka (evaporation).
Kimwe n’abashyira amafumbire yabo hejuru y’ubutaka mu mirima, abayashyira kuzuba ryinshi mu igihe kirekire bategereje kuyakoresha bakwiye kubyitwararika bakayatwikira. Ikindi ngo ni uko kuyateramo amazi igihe cyo kuyakoresha kitaragera nabyo atari byiza.

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MINAGRI yasobanuye imbanzirizamushinga ku ikorehswa ry’ifumbire mvaruganda

Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (MINAGRI) mu nama yayihuje n’abafatanyabikorwa ba leta n’abikorera kuri uyu wa mbere yabamurikiye imbanzirizamushinga y’amabwiriza ya Minisitiri ajyanye n’ikoreshwa ry’inyongeramusaruro, hakaba hagaragajwe ibizasabwa utumiza, uwohereza n’uzacuruza inyongeramusaruro cyane amafumbire mvaruganda.
Emmanuel Ngabirora mu kugaragaza no gusobanura uko iyo mbanzirizamushinga iteye yavuze ko hagomba kwandikishwa inyubako zikorerwamo ubucuruzi cyangwa zibikwamo ifumbire n’imiti nyongera musaruro, kuba inganda zikora, zitunganya imiti cyangwa ifumbire zigomba kuba ziri kure y’aho abantu batuye kandi kure y’amazi kugira ngo zitayangiza.
Yavuze ko kandi ababikoramo bagomba kwambara imyambaro y’akazi kugira ngo birinde ingaruka, ngo aho hantu hagomba kuba hari ibikoresho by’ubutabazi, ababicuruza bagomba kugira icyangobwa kibimwemerera.
Iyo nyigo kandi iteganya ko mu gihe cyo gutera imiti hagomba kurindwa ibidukikije, umuntu akitondera gutera imiti ibidukikije bitabugenwe no kudafata ibipfunyika by’imiti cgangwa ifumbire ngo bivangwe n’ibindi bihingwa.
Inyigo iteganya ko uruhushya rw’imyaka itatu, uruhabwa azajya atanga amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 200, ariko akazajya akomeza gutanga andi ibihumbi 100, naho urwo kohereza mu mahanga rumara imyaka itatu, uruhabwa azajya yishyura ibihumbi 100 nyuma ukomeze kwishyura ibihumbi 50.
Uruhushya rwo kudandaza rwo ruzajya rutangirwa amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 50 mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu na nyuma hakomezwe kwishyurwa ibihumbi 50.
Kwandikisha inyubako ku batumiza bakanohereza mu mahanga ni ibihumbi 100 by’imyaka itanu nyuma hagakomeza hishyurwa 50 na ho ku badandaza, inyubako itangira yishyurwa ibihumbi 15 by’imyaka itanu nyuma hagakomeza hishyurwa ibihumbi icumi (10 000).
Kwandikisha umuti cyangwa ifumbire, iteka rya Minisitiri no 005/11/30 ryo kuwa 15 Gashyantare 2013 rigena ko hagomba kwishyurwa inihumbi 10 mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu.
Aha hakaba haravuzwe ko nta tegeko rirasohoka rihana utubahirije amabwiriza igihe yamaze kwemezwa uretse kuba hafatirwa ibintu bye ndetse akanamburwa icyemezo cye.
Raphael Rurangwa Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe igenamigambi muri MINAGRI yavuze ko kugira ngo umusaruro uzamuke ariko arina na mwiza ngo ni uko habaho ubufatanye bwa Leta n’abikorera.
Yagize ati ”Ningobwa ko tuzamura umusaruro mu bwiza n’ibwinshi ariko kandi nanone tugahera aho twari turi. Ntabwo twifuza ko u Rwanda ruba ha handi abantu baza kumena ibintu byose ngo ni yo nyongeramusaruro.”
Rurangwa yavuze kandi ko kuba hari gusabwa abantu bize ibijyanye n’ubutabire muri uyu mushinga atari ikibazo, ngo ahubwo ni ukugira ngo haboneke abantu bake bakora ubuhinzi kandi babukora neza.
Aha yavuze ko iyi gahunda yatekerejweho nyuma yo kubona ko ubutaka bw’u Rwanda buri kurumba (bufite ubisharire) cyane cyane mu duce twa Congo Nil turimo akarere ka Nyaruguru, Nyamagabe, Rutsiro, Karongi na Ngorero aho usanga ubutaka bwaho bwiganjeho ibyatsi by’inshinge zikaba ari kimwe mu bimenyetso by’ubusharire.
Dr. Charles Murekezi, ‘Umuhuzabikorwa wa gahunda yo gukwirakwiza ifumbire’ muri MINAGRI, yavuze ko hagendewe ku byifuzo by’abafatanyabikorwa byagaragajwe hari ibintu bigiye kongerwa ndetse no ku nononsorwa muri uyu mushinga.
Muri byo ngo hagiye kunonosorwa ibijyanye no kwandika abantu bazatumiza n’abazacuruza ifumbire, ngo kugira ngo amabwiriza azashyirwe mu bikorwa umushinga utangire gukora neza. Ngo bizafasha kumenya niba inyongeramusaruro zinjira mu gihugu ari nziza ndetse ngo bizafasha ko abikorera bashinga inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro.
Yanavuze kandi ko kugeza ubu u Rwanda rutumiza inyongera musaruro mu mujyi wa Dubai, mu gihugu cy’Uburusiya no mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa.
Iyi nama yabaye kuri uyu wa mbere tariki 15 Ukuboza ikaba yari igamije kwiga no kungurana ibitekerezo ku mbanzirizamushinga y’amabwiriza ya Minisitiri yerekeranye n’ikoreshwa ry’imiti n’amafumbire mvaruganda bikoreshwa mu buhinzi hagamijwe kureba niba koko ibiteganwa kubahirizwa byumvikana kubazaba bayikoresha ku isoko cyangwa abazaba bayishyikiriza abagomba kuyikoresha mu buhinzi bwabo.

Inkuru dukesha:
UMUSEKE.RW

Gusasira amashu biyongerera ubwiza n’umusaruro

Gusasira amashu biyongerera ubwiza n’umusaruro Abahanga mu bijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’amashu bavuga ko ari ngombwa gusasira amashu, kuko ari kimwe mu byongera ubwiza iki gihingwa, ndetse n’umusaruro muri rusange.
Rwanda Gusasira amashu bitanga umusaruro Rwanda : Gusasira amashu biyongerera ubwiza n’umusaruro
Gusasira amashu bitanga umusaruro
Mu kiganiro n’ushinzwe ubuhinzi mu karere ka Bugesera Nkikabahizi Jean de Dieu avuga ko mu gihe umuhinzi atangiye gusasira amashu neza mu gihe cyo kubumba nta mwanda uva hasi utewe n’amazi y’imvura cyangwa undi urigeraho. Ibi bituma ishu rikomeza kugaragaza isuku n’isura nziza mu gihe riri mu murima na nyuma yaho.
Yagize ati “ gusasira amashu byongera ubuhehere bw’ubutaka buba buhinzweho ya mashu, aho usanga hadapfa gukama ngo humagare”.
Igikorwa cyo gusasira amashu gituma kandi ubutaka burushaho kuba bwiza kuko byongera ifumbire y’imborera muri bwa butaka, dore ko imboga zose zikenera ifumbire y’imborera kugira ngo zikure neza.
Avuga ko mu gihe amashu asasiwe neza, nta byatsi bindi bipfa kuyameramo kugira ngo bize kurwanira na yo inyakagombye kuyatunga. Aha ni ukuvuga ko igikorwa cyo gusasira kiba cyoroheje igikorwa cyo kubagara no kufira ibyatsi bibi nk’urwiri bibangamira izi mboga.
“ Mu gihe aya amashu yasasiwe neza bituma agira ishu ryiza, nyuma yaho kandi rya shu rikaba rifite ubushobozi bwo kuba ryashibuka, maze ibihage bindi bikajyanwa guterwa ahandi aho byera andi mashu bidasabye gutera umurama usanzwe”.
Mu gihe habayeho igikorwa cyo kuvomerera amashu mu mpeshyi, biba byiza cyane ku mashu asasiwe kuko bituma ya mazi adahita ava mu butaka ngo ahinduke umwuka asubire mu kirere.
Kugeza ubu ubuhinzi bw’amashu bumaze kwitabirwa n’abantu benshi cyane cyane abitabiriye kugira uturima tw’igikoni. Mu gihe bongeyeho kuyasasira nta kabuza ubwiza bwayo bwarushaho kwiyongera.

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