urutoki – Urwenya

Ni gute insina ya Kamaramasenge ifatwa kugirango itange umusaruro?

Ni gute insina ya Kamaramasenge ifatwa kugirango itange umusaruro? Hari byinshi insina ya Kamaramasenge isaba ngo itange umusaruro

Kimwe mu bigomba kwitabwaho n’umuhinzi harimo kwicira insina igihe yafashe imaze kubyara, insina igomba kwicirwa mumurima. Imibyare y’umurengera igomba kugabanywa hagasigara imibyare 3 gusa. Ibi ngo ni ukugirango insina zidacuranwa urumuri, amazi n’imyunyu. Biba byiza iyo igitsinsi kimwe kiriho insina 3 arizo :nyina yazo ifite igitoki,umwana wayo wenda kwana n’akuzukuru(umubyare).Kugirango bigerweho umubyare 1 wonyine niwo ugomba kwemererwa gukura. Biba byiza gutoranya umubyare werekeye aho izuba rirasira kugirango ujye ukurura imirasire yo mu gitondo myinshi. Ibi aho bidakurikizwa ni aho kamaramasenge ziteye hahanamye. Ni ngombwa gushishoza mu gutoranya imibyare yo gukata n’uburyo ukatwa. Gukata umubyare bikorerwa ku munigo w’insina hagati ya cm 5-10 munsi y’ubutaka.

Mu byiza byo gukata cyangwa kwicira insina harimo ko umubare w’insina zera ibitoki ku gitsinsi kimwe udahinduka, ntizicuranwe urumuri, amazi ndetse n’imyunyu. Insina ntizitinda kwana kandi zana ibitoki binini kurushaho.

Hari uburyo 2 bwo kwicira insina ;zishobora kwicirwa ku murongo ugororotse cyangwa ku ruziga. Uburyo bw’uruziga bukaba aribwo bwiza cyane kuko insina zidakunda kuva mu cyobo zateweho n’imirongo zatereweho ikomeza kuba yayindi kandi igororotse naho ububanza insina zijya kure y’icyobo zaterewemo zikanata imirongo zatereweho kandi si byiza. Insina zigomba gushangururwa/gukaragirwa mu rutoki urwarirwo rwose no kuri kamara by’umwihariko. Bituma insina zigumana isuku kandi urumuri rukinjira mu rutoki neza.
Amashara akingiriza abana b’insina n’ibirere byumiye aho umutumba utereya biba indiri y’ibivumvuri byibasira insina. Amakoma menshi atuma umwuka utagera ku nsina kandi n’ubutaka bugahehera cyane. Ibyo bituma udukoko dutera indwara twororoka nk’izitwa Sigatoka hamwe n’indwara ituma umutumba ubora. Amakoma yose afite ibara ry’icyatsi ku gipimo cya 50% yagombye gucibwa akaba isaso uretse igihe Kamaramasenge ifite indwara ya Kirabiranya(BXW), Insina ishobora gukurwaho amakoma yigushije igihe zitarana kuko byagaragaye ku ngo ko ahanini insina yana amaseri akaza akurikije umubare w’amakoma ifite yana. Insina yakagombye kwana ifite hagati y’amakoma 6-9 ikagera igihe cyo gusarurwa isigaranye amakoma 4 kugirango igitoki gikure neza. Si byiza kumaraho amakoma yose kuko byatuma igitoki gikomera imburagihe.
Insina za Kamaramasenge ni byiza ko zisasirwa, zikabagarwa, gukurwaho imyanana n’ibindi
Insina igomba gusasirwa, iyo ushaka gusasira Kamaramasenge ufata ibyatsi ugatwikira ubutaka. Urugero rw’ibyo ukoresha usasira ni nk’ibikomoka ku rutoki nk’amashara, imitumba, ibisigazwa by’imyaka yeze, ibikenyeri, ibyatsi byo mu gishanga n’ibindi. Gusasira Kamaramasende bituma zikomeza gutanga umusaruro igihe kirekire.
Ibi bituma amazi acengera mu butaka neza kandi agatindamo, iyo saso iba ifumbire iyo itangiye kubora, bigatuma ubutaka buhorana amafu,ubushyuhe kandi ntibuhindagurike cyane. Bituma ubutaka buba bwiza, ntibugunduke vuba, ntibutwarwe n’isuri kandi bituma ibyatsi bitaba byinshi mu rutoki kuko bitabona urumuri ngo bikure.
Isaso igomba gushyirwa nibura kuri 30cm-60cm uvuye aho insina itereye. Insina za Kamaramasende zigomba kubagarirwa, zigakurwamo ibyatsi bibi
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Ibi bishobora gukorwa uruhingira cyangwa n’intoki igihe hatarimo ibyatsi byinshi cyangwa rusasiye. Si byiza guhingira Kamaramasenge iyo irimo ibyatsi byinshi,iyo ubikoze wirinda kugeza isuka hasi kugira ngo udatema imizi cyangwa ukayikomeretsa. Umuhinzi agomba kurinda Kamaramasenge kugira inguri zanamye hanze. Ibi ni bibi kuko bituma insina iba idafite ingufu ikaba yaranduka mu buryo bworoshya cyangwa ikuma.Gusasira Kamaramasenge utegerereje isaso ku nsina bituma insina igira imizi myinshi kandi ikanakomera. Uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda insina ni ukuyitera mu myobo miremire igera kuri 80cm z’ubujyakuzimu. Ni byiza gukuraho umwanana ku gitoki kuko bituma igitoki gikura neza,kikagira amabere manini,kandi bikarinda indwara nk’igikongoro n’iyitwa kirabiranya(Bananas Xanthomonas Wilt,BXW) zikwirakwizwa n’udukoko tuza ku mwanana w’insina.
Umwana ugomba gucibwa nibura umaze kugira cm 15 uhereye ku iseri rya nyuma, ni ukuvuga nyuma y’iminsi 7 igitoki kimaze kubumbura.Mu ntoki zirimo kirabiranya umwanana ugomba gucibwa amabere yose akimara gusohoka. Gutega igitoki bituma insina itagwa igitoki kimaze kuremera,si ngombwa gutegereza ko igitoki cyenda kugwa. Ku buryo bw’umwihariko batega ibitoki iyo amapfa yateye insina zikaba zidafite ingufu, iyo zirwaye n’iyo hari imiyaga n’imvura y’amahindu.Iyi nkuru tukaba tuyikesha igitabo“Imfashanyigisho ku buhinzi bwa Kamaramasenge,Inanasi na Marakuja” igitabo cyasohotse muri Nyakanga 2009. Bahinzi rero nimuhinge mweze,mwiteze imbere mukurikiza inama mugirwa. Ubutaha tuzabagezaho amafumbire akenerwa mu gufumbira Kamaramasenge,uko isarurwa iyo yeze,uko ihunikwa n’ibindi.

Ubuhinzi bw’Urutoki

Ubuhinzi bw’Urutoki Ruhingwa cyane ku nkombe z’i Kivu, umurambi n’umukenke by’iburasirazuba. Ruhingwa mu butaka bw’ibumba rivanze n’imborera kandi buhitisha amazi.
Amoko yamamazwa:
• Ibitoki biribwa: Ingaju, Mbwaziruma, Injagi, Mpologoma,
Icyerwa,…
• Ibitoki by’imineke: Poyo, Kamaramasenge, FHIA 17, FHIA 25, Gros
Michel, …
Gutegura umurima:
• Kurwanya isuri.
• Guhinga umurima.
• Gucukura imyobo ya cm 60 z’ubujyakuzimu na cm 60
z’umurambararo; ubutaka buvuye hejuru busubizwa mu mwobo bukavangwa n’ifumbire.
Gufumbira:
• Bashyira Kg 20 z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza mu mwobo umwe.
• Bakongeramo g 125 za NPK17.17.17 cyangwa g 125 za Urea, mu mwobo, mu gihe cy’itera .
• Nyuma insina zimaze gukura, ifumbire ijya ishyirwa ku muzenguruko w’insina (muri cm 60) mu ibimba ritari rirerire kugira ngo imizi y’insina itangirika (rimwe cyangwa kabiri mu mwaka).
Gutera imibyare:
• Batera imibyare ivuye mu rutoki rutarwaye kandi rwera neza, isongoye hejuru, ifite inguri nini, imizi n’ibitaka byavanweho; ikagira n’uburebure buri hagati ya cm 80 na m 1,50.
Batera imibyare iri hagati ya 1.100 kuri Ha.
• Batera kuri m 3 hagati y’imirongo na m 3 ku mirongo (hagati y’umwobo n’undi), bitewe n’ubwoko.
• Bashyira umubyare umwe mu mwobo.
• Igihe cy’itera: biba byiza cyane iyo urutoki rutewe mu mvura y’umuhindo yo muri Nzeri cg Ukwakira kuko imvura y’impeshyi isanga zimaze gukura. Icyakora no mu mvura ya Gashyantare bashobora gutera urutoki.
Kurukenura (Kurukorera cg Kurufata neza):
• Gusasira, gushangurura, kuzicira, gukata imyanana, kuzitega inzego.
• Kurimbura inguri zishaje.
• Gusimbura urutoki rushaje.
Igihe rwerera:
• Hagati y’amezi 12 na 15 ku bitoki by’inzoga n’ibiribwa.
• Hagati y’amezi 18 na 20 ku bitoki by’imineke.
Indwara n’ibyonnyi
A). INDWARA Z’INGENZI N’UBURYO BWO KUZIRWANYA

Indwara ya Fizariyoze iterwa n’agahumyo bita Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cubense; insina yafashwe amakoma agenda ahinduka umuhondo uhereye kuyo hasi. Nyuma y’iminsi mike amakoma aruma maze agatendera ku mutumba, umwumba nawo uhita wuma. Iyo utemye umutumba usangamo ububore bugaragazwa n’amabara y’ikigina n’ayirabura. Iyi ndwara yibasira cyane ubwoko bw’insina za Kayinja, Gros michel, Kamaramasenge n’izindi. • Basarura hagati ya 8 T na 35 T/Ha z’ibitoki bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga.
• Babica igihe bikomeye, bagahita babiteka cyangwa babitara hanyuma bakabivanamoumutobe, urwagwa….; mu nganda bavanamo ibisuguti na za divayi zinyuranye.

Kamaramasenge ni insina isaba umuhinzi wayo kuyitaho

Kamaramasenge ni insina isaba umuhinzi wayo kuyitaho Musomyi, Muhinzi mworozi, ushobora kuba warashakaga kumenya byinshi ku bijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’insina ya Kamaramasenge, akamaro kayo, ibisabwa mu buhinzi bwayo, imiterere n’uburyo bategura umurima bayihingamo, uko yafatwa igihe iri mu murima, ifumbire ikenera cyane, indwara zifata iyi nsina, uko zirindwa n’ibindi.
Ku bafite ibibazo nk’ibyo reka tubasubize twifashishije igitabo cyitwa “Imfashanyigisho ku buhinzi bwa Kamaramasenge, Inanasi na Marakuja” igitabo cyasohotse muri Nyakanga 2009 ku bufatanye bwa Minagri (Ikigo cyayo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’imbuto,imboga n’indabyo”RHODA” ubu cyagiye muri NAEB),PASNVA ndeste na Empowering Development.
Ibiranga Kamaramasenge
Kamaramasenge ni insina izwi ku izina rya gihanga rya “Musa paradisiaca. Iyi nsina ikaba iri mu nsina zikunzwe ku isi kubera uburyohe bw’imineke yayo. Irangwa no kugira amabere matoya afite uburebure buri hagati ya 8cm na 12cm n’uburemere buri hagati ya 60g na 80g.
Imineke yayo iraryohera kurusha indi mineke yose. Izi nsina ziri mu bwoko bw’insina 300 zihingwa ku isi. Iki gihingwa ni kimwe mu byinjiza amafaranga y’amahanga mu Rwanda.
Ikaba ikunze guhingwa mu Rwanda ndetse no ku isi. Kubera uburyohe bwayo ndetse n’uko yinjiza amafaranga menshi biyitera kuba mu nsina zihingwa cyane mu Rwanda.
Imiterere y’ubwoko bwiza bwa Kamaramasenge
Kamaramasenge yamamazwa ni « Musa paradisiaca », irangwa no kuba ifite imineke ya 8cm-12cm n’uburemeremere buri hagati ya 60g na 80g.
Uko imibyare ya Kamaramasenge yo guterwa igomba kuba imeze
Imibyare yo gutera igomba guturuka ku rutoki rwa Kamaramasenge rutarwaye kandi rwera neza. Igomba kuba isongoye hejuru ifite inguri nini,imizi n’ibitaka byavanyweho kandi ifite uburebure buri hagati ya 80cm na 150cm. Imibyare igomba kubanza gutunganywa kugira ngo idakwirakwiza indwara.
Ibi bigakorwa icishwa mu mazi yabize nibura amasegonda 30. Kugeza ubu hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutubura imibyare : hariho uburyo busanzwe,aho insina itanga imibyare, hariho ugukata umutima w’insina kugirango inguri itange imibyare myinshi, hari n’uburyo bwo gutubura imibyare muri Pipiniyeri. Kuri ubu hasigaye hakoreshwa imibyare yakorewemuri Laboratwari kugirango hirindwe indwara.
Ese hasabwa iki mu buhinzi bwa Kamaramasenge?
Kugira ngo ubuhinzi bwa Kamaramasenge bushobore gutanga umusaruro wifuzwa, hagombye kwitabwa kuri ibi bikurikira:
Duhereye ku miterere y’ikirere Kamaramasenge yishimira ahantu haboneka imvura ku gipimo kiri hagati ya milimetero 1500 na 2500 mu mwaka,ikagwa igihe cyose mu mwaka cyangwa mu gihe kinini cy’umwaka.
Icyakora haramutse hariho uburyo bwo gucunga amazi y’imvura iboneka neza,Kamaramasenge ishobora no guhingwa no mu Turere tugira imvura iri hagati ya mm 900 na mm 1000.
Ubushyuhe muri rusange insina za Kamaramasenge zikunda ahantu hari ubushyuhe buri hagati ya Dogere Serisiyusi 24 na 27 ariko butari munsi ya Dogere 14 mu mwaka.
Ku cyerekeranye n’ubutumburuke ,iyi nsina ikura neza hagati ya metero 0 na metero 1800 hejuru y’inyanja. Ubutumburuke burenze1800m ntibuberanye na Kamaramasenge kuko ubukonje butuma iyi nsina idakura neza.
Ku kijyanye n’ubutaka yaterwamo, iyi nsina ikunda ahantu hari ubutaka bw’ibimba buvanze n’imborera,buhitisha amazi neza kandi bufite ubusharire buri hagati ya 5 ,6 na 7,5 kugirango itange umusaruro mwiza.
Imyunyu nka Azote na Potasiyumu ikenerwa ku bwinshi kugira ngo ubone umusaruro uhagije wa Kamaramasenge. Mu Rwanda, Kamaramasenge yera hose ariko cyane cyane mu murambi no mu mukenke w’Iburasirazuba.
Ibisabwa ku mirima igiye guterwamo insina
Umurima ugomba kuba urwanije isuri,uhinze neza,ugomba kuba waracukuye imyobo kandi umurima uterwamo imibyare ya Kamaramasende ni byiza kuba uzitiye. Mu gutunganya umurima hagomba kwitabwa kuri ibi bikurikira:
Ubuhaname (pente): izi nsina ntizikunda ahantu hahanamye cyane Biba byiza iyo idahinzwe ahadahanamye cyane cyangwa mu kabande.Iyo hahanamye ntizikura neza kubera ko ubutaka aba ari buke bitewe n’isuri.
Ndetse n’iyo wafata ingamba zo kurwanya isuri,urugero nko guca imiringoti( keretse uciye amaterasi) igihe kamaramasenge itanga umusaruro kiragabanuka.

Ibyatsi bibi : ibi byatsi niba biri mu murima watoranyijwe bigomba kurandurwa bigashyirwa ku mbibi z’imirima kugirango bitazongera gutanga imbuto z’ibyatsi bibi kuko bibangamira ubu buhinzi.Bishobora no gushyirwa mau ngarani kugirango bitange ifumbire.

Ni ngombwa kandi gutunganya uwo murima ugiye guteramo insina kugirango ibyatsi bibi bitazicura urumuri,imyunyungugu,n’amazi.
Ibiti: Niba umurima ukingirijwe n’ibiti,bigomba gutemwa kuko bikingiriza insina ntizibone umucyo cyane cyane iyo ibiti byegeranye.
Gutegura imyobo no gutera: Ni byiza guhinga Kamaramasenge ahantu itigeze ihingwa kuko nta ndwara ziba ziri mu butaka kuko zimwe mu ndwara za Kamaramasenge nka Fizariyote zishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri 50 mu butaka.
Mu gucukura imyobo har’igihe uyicukura mu rutoki rusanzwe ushaka gushyira insina aho zitari cyangwa gusimbura izidatanga umusaruro. Ni bibi cyane kongera insina za Kamaramasenge mu rutoki rwafashwe na Kirabiranya (BXW) n’ururimo udukoko twinshi twibasira insina.
Gucukura imyobo: Hagati y’umurongo n’undi hagomba buba intera ya 3m, no hagati y’umwobo n’undi hagomba gushyirwa imambo kandi naho haba hari 3m. Mu murima nibura wa Hegitari 1 hagomba kuba imyobo 1111.
Imirongo igomba kuba igororotse niba umurima uri ahantu harambitse kugirango urumuri rw’izuba rubashe kwinjira mu rutoki neza.Ariko kandi niba umurima uri ahantu hahanamye, imyobo igomba gucukurwa ikurikiye imiringoti kugirango urwanye isuri. Imyobo iterwamo Kamaramasenge igomba kuba ifite Santimetero 80 z’ubujyakuzimu na santimetero 100 z’ubugari kugirango inguri zitazaba ndende (inguri ishobora kuzamuka ikanama hejuru y’ubutaka).
Gucukura imyobo ifite ubujyakuzimu burenze cm 80 z’ubujyakuzimu byahenda kandi ntacyo byaba bimaze. Icyakora mu butaka bwiza (buseseka) ushobora gucukura imyobo ifite ubujyakuzimu n’umurambararo bya cm60-60.
Mu gihe cyo gucukura imyobo uzateramo ,itaka ryo kuri cm30 zo hejuru rishyirwa ku ruhande hanyuma n’irya cm 30 zo hasi zigashyirwa ku rundi ruhande. Imyobo icukurwa nibura amezi abiri ngo kamaramasende ziterwe kandi igashyirwamo ifumbire iboze neza iri hagati ya kg20-30 muri buri mwobo. Ibyo bikorwa habura ukwezi 1 ngo igikorwa cyo gutera gitangire.
Uburyo bwo gufumbira
Mu gufumbira hakoreshwa kg 20-30 z’ifumbire y’imborera ,amabase 3 cyangwa 2 iboze neza mu mwobo umwe,hongerwamo 125g za NPK17.17.17 cyangwa 125 za Ire mu gihe cy’itera.
Nyuma iyo Kamaramasenge zimaze amezi 3 zitewe , ifumbire yongera gushyirwa ku nsina igashyirwa ku muzenguruko w’insina muri cm 60 mu gaferege katari karekare kugirango imizi y’insina itangirika. Ifumbire ishyirwa ku nsina rimwe cyangwa kabiri mu mwaka mu gihe cy’imvura.
Imibyare igomba kuva mu rutoki rudafite indwara cyangwa hagakoreshwa iy’abatubuzi basanzwe batubura insina z’indobanure.Ni ngombwa kwirinda gutera imibyare ifite amakoma magari.
Bene iyo mibyare ntiba ifashe ku nguri ya nyina neza,bityo ntiba ifite inguri zikuze bihagije (irimo ibivumbikisho ) ku buryo bizayifasha ikavamo insina nziza zifite ingufu zimaze guterwa.Iyo mibyare myiza irangwa n’udukoma tureture kandi ifashe ku nguri ya nyina neza.
Iyo umaze gutoranya imibyare yawe ,igombwa gutemwa muri cm 15 uturutse ku nguri kugirango kuyitera byorohe. Ni ngombwa gukuraho amashanya ku nguri n’imyobo yose y’ahacukuwe ibivumvuri.
Gutunganya iyi mibyare bigomba gukorerwa mu rutoki ikuwemo.Umaze gutaha ushobora kwinika imibyare yawe mu mazi ashyushye afite Dogere 500 ikamaramo iminota 20 cyangwa ukayinika mu mazi yatuye ikamaramo amasegonda 30 cyangwa ukayinika mu miti yica udukoko twaseseye mu nguri. Iyo mibyare igomba guterwa mu gihe kitarenze icyumweru kugirango izafate neza.
Igihe cyo gutera imibyare
Kugirango imibyare nayo ikure neza,igomba kubona amazi ahagije mu mezi 3 cyangwa 4 akurikira guterwa kwayo. Niyo mpamvu yakagombye guterwa igihe cy’imvura kigitangira ni ukuvuga mu ntangiriro y’umuhindo kuko imibyare ikenera amezi 4 y’imvura kugira ngo izabashe kwihanganira kubaho itabona imvura. Ni ukuvuga ko zigomba guterwa hagati ya nzeri n’ukwakira.
Mu gihe ifumbire ishyizwe mu mwobo igihe cyo gutera,itaka ryo hejuru rivanze n’ifumbire iboze neza kandi ihoze ribanza mu mwobo. Nyuma ugashyiramo umubyare maze ugatwikiriza itaka ryo hejuru ku nkombe. Ubutaha tuzabagezaho uko insina iteye yafatwa n’ibindi

source:umuhinzi.com

Menya uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro w’urutoki

Menya uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro w’urutoki Urutoki rwitaweho neza rwongera iterambere ry’ umunyarwanda n’ igihugu muri rusange. Kugira ngo ubuhinzi bw’ urutoki burusheho kugira umusaruro ushimishije , abahinzi b’urutoki bakwiye kumenya gukorera urukoki neza. Kumenya uburyo bunoze bwo kwita ku rutoki, kumenya imbuto z’ indobanure, kumenya kuruvugurura, kumenya kurwicira, kurufumbira, kurusasira, kurwanya indwara, isuri n’ ibindi. Ibyo bikozwe neza nta cyatuma umuhinzi w’ urutoki atabona umusaruro uhagije
Uburyo bwo kubagara urutoki ibyatsi bibi byose bigomba kuva mu rutoki kuko bicuranwa ifumbire n’ insina imizi ntikure neza. Uretse n’ ibyo kandi ibyo byatsi bishobora kuba indiri y’ ibyonnyi. Ukihatira kurusasira kuko bigabanya ibyatsi bibi byangiza insina nk’ urwiri n’ ibindi. kumenya kwicira urutoki no kurufumbira kuko iyo imibyare ari myinshi iba igomba kugabanywa kugirango isigaye ikure neza.
Intera iri hagati y’ insina n’ indi : igomba kuba hagati y’ intabwe 3 kugera kuri 4. Buri nsina igomba kugira umwana umwe n’umwuzukuru umwe indi mibyare ukayivanaho. Iyo zidahagije wongeramo izindi.
Mu buryo bwo gufumbira naho ucukura agaferege gafite ishusho y’ ukwezi kareshya n’ intambwe y’ ikiganza mu bujyakuzimu, naho ku ntera n’ intambwe 3 z’ikiganza uturutse ku mubyare muto. Ushobora gukoresha ifumbire iboze neza waba udafite ihagije ugakoresha amakoma, imitumba n’ ibindi byatsi bibora ukongeramo agafumbire gake ufite.
Nyuma ukibuka ko gusasira nabyo ari ingenzi kuko birinda ubutaka kumagara , bikanarwanya isuri, bigafumbira kandi bikarinda mo n’ibyatsi byimezamo. Kugitoki kimaze kwana amabere yose y’ igitoki yamara gusohaka hanze ugakuraho umwanana. Iyo uwukuyeho uba ukumiriye indwara ya kirabiranya kandi n’amabere y’ igitoki aba manini bityo n’ igitoki kikaba kinini.
Abaturage bakwiye guhitamo ubuhinzi bwabafasha gutera imbere aho kuvanga imyaka myinshi kandi itabaha umusaruro, bashobora gukora ingendoshuri bajya basura bagenzi babo bagerageje guhinga neza kandi bagahinga kijyambere.Bagahinga bitaye kurengera ubuzima bwa muntu,amazi, ibidukikije, ubutaka ,urusobe rw’ ibinyabuziman’ ibindi.

imvaho nshya

Uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ibyonnyi by’insina

Uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ibyonnyi by’insina Udukoko dukunze kwibasira insina ziboneka mu Rwanda n’ibivumvuri n’amashanya. Ikintu cya mbere gishobora gukorwa mu kurwanya ibivumvuri ni ugutera imibyare mizima itarangijwe n’ibivumvuri. Ibyo bigerwaho binyuze mu guhata inguri mu buryo bwitondewe hagamijwe kureba ko harimo imyobo ndetse no kuvanamo ibimenyetso byose by’aho ikivumvuri cyangije. Niba inguri ifite imyobo myinshi, icyo gihe ntiba igomba guterwa. Inguri imaze guhatwa iterwa mu gihe cy’iminsi itarenze itanu.
Abahanga mu by’iyamamaza buhinzi basobanura ko insina zikenera Azote (N) na Potasiyumu (K) nyinshi, zigakenera Fosifore (P), Manyeziyumu (Mg) na Kaliziyumu (Ca) nke. Azote ngo ituma insina muri rusange ikura kandi igakomeza kugira amakoma y’icyatsi kibisi akagira n’ubuzima bwiza ku buryo ashobora gukurura imirasire y’izuba myinshi kugira ngo insina izatange igitoki kinini kurushaho. Fosifore ifasha insina kugira imizi ikomeye kandi ifite ubuzima bwiza ku buryo ishobora gukogota amazi n’ibitunga insina byinshi mu butaka. Potasiyumu ifasha mu bijyanye no kuvana ibitunga insina n’amazi mu butaka ikabijyana ikabigeza mu makoma no mu gitoki. Naho Manyeziyumu ifasha amakoma gukoresha imirasire y’izuba aba yakuruye kugira ngo akore ibitunga igihingwa.

Iyo ubutaka bukennye kuri ibyo bitunga ibimera, insina zigaragaza ibimenyetso akenshi bikunze kwitiranywa n’iby’indwara. Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibura rya N, K, P na Mg birimo Azote (N). Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Azote byigaragaza vuba kandi bigahita bikwira ku makoma yose. Ibyo bimenyetso ni Amakoma aba mato cyane kandi akaba icyatsi cyerurutse, Amakoma aba make ku nsina, intera iri hagati y’ikoma n’irindi iragabanuka ugasanga insina ifite amakoma acucitse cyane, insina ikura nabi ikagira umutumba unanutse cyane, ibitoki biba bito.

Ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Potasiyumu (K) bigaragara insina igeze igihe cyo kwana. Bikubiyemo kugaragara ku makoma amabara y’umuhondo, amakoma agasaza imburagihe, akuma, umugongo w’ayo makoma akenshi urigonda cyangwa ukavunikira muri bibiri bya gatatu by’uburebure bw’ikoma maze rikareba hazi, insina igira amakoma mato, itinda kwana ndetse ibitoki bikaba bito cyane.
Naho kubirebana n’ibimenyetso by’ibura rya Fosifore ntibikunze kugaragara mu murima. Icyakora bikubiyemo insina ikura nabi inanutse kandi ntigira imizi ihagije , ku makoma nk’ane cyangwa atanu makuru, usanga ku mpande yaratakaje ibara ryayo. Hanyuma hazaho amabara y’ibihogo amakoma akagenda abora ku mpande, amakoma yafashwe arahinyarara kandi akavunika, amakoma akiri mato aba afitemo ibara rijya kuba ubururu.

Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibura rya Manyeziyumu mu butaka birimo amakoma makuru agira ibara ry’umuhondo ku mpande rikagendarigana ku mugongo w’ikoma, ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi rigasigara hafi y’umugongo w’ikoma gusa, ikoma rirushaho kuba umuhondo iyo ryitegeye izuba, aho amakoma atereye ku bivovo hazaho amabara ajya kuba isine, ibivovo byomoka ku mutumba.

Ingamba zo kubungabunga ubutaka n’amazi

Mu buhinzi bw’urutoki, ni ngombwa gufata ingamba zo kubungabunga ubutaka n’amazi. Ni ngombwa kurwanya isuri no kongera amazi acengera mu butaka butewemo urutoki. Uburyo bwo kubungabunga ubutaka n’amazi bukunze gukoreshwa, ni ubwo gucukura imiringoti, ibyobo byo gufata amazi no gukora ibirundo by’ibyatsi.

Imiringoti icukurwa mu rutoki ruhinze ahantu hahanamye kugira ngo ubutaka budatwarwa n’isuri. Na none, ituma amazi acengera mu butaka yiyongera. Iyo miringoti impamvu iba ifite santimetero 60 z’ubujyakuzimu na santimetero 60 z’ubugari, igacukurwa ku musozo w’umurima. Rimwe na rimwe, kuri iyo miringoti hashobora guterwaho ibyatsi nk’urubingo, vetiveri cyangwa ibiti bitangiza imyaka, bigaterwa haruguru y’imiringoti kugira ngo bifate ubutaka. Ibyo byatsi n’ibyo biti biba bishobora gutemwa bikagaburirwa amatungo, bigasisira urutoki cyangwa bikubakishwa.
Ibisigara iyo isarura rirangiye, ibyatsi bibi n’ibindi bimera babishyira ku murongo bigakora ikirundo ku musozi. Bituma ubutaka budatwarwa n’isuri. Ibyo byatsi bituma amazi acengera mu butaka yiyongera kandi iyo bimaze kubora bifumbira insina ziri hafi yabyo.

Amazi y’imvura amanuka ku musozi ayoberezwa mu byobo byo gufata amazi. Ibyo byobo bifata amazi amanuka ku musozi hafi ya yose kandi bituma amazi acengera mu butaka yiyongera. Na none ibyo byobo bituma ubutaka budatwarwa n’isuri.

Ibivumvuri byangiza insina (Cosmopolites sordidus)

Ikivumvuri gikuru gitera amagi hafi y’inguri y’insina cyangwa mu bisigazwa by’insina ahari ubuhehere. Iyo ayo magi amaze guturaga, ibishobobwa bivuyemo bicukura imyobo mu nguri no mu mutumba ariko bigenda byangiza. Ibyo bishorobwa birakura bikavamo ibivumvuri. Bifata iminsi hagati ya 30 na 40 kugira ngo igi riturage rizagere ubwo rivamo ikivumvuri gikuru. Ikivumvuri gikuri cy’ikigore gitera amagi 96 ku munsi kandi gishobora kumara imyaka iri hagati 3 n’ 4. Bityo rero, ibivumvuri bitarwanyijwe bishobora kwangiza urutoki cyane.
Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara biterwa n’ibivumvuri birimo kubangamira insina ntizamure neza amazi n’ibiyitunga, insina ikura nabi kandi ikananuka, insina itinda kwana, umusaruro uragabanuka, rimwe na rimwe insina irangirika burundu. Mu nsina zazonzwe cyane n’ibivumvuri, umutumba uvunikira aho ufataniye n’inguri.

Uko barwanya ibivumvuri byangiza insina, ikintu cya mbere gishobora gukorwa mu kurwanya ibivumvuri ni ugutera imibyare mizima itarangijwe n’ibivumvuri. Ibyo bigerwaho binyuze mu guhata inguri byitondewe kugira ngo umuhinzi arebe niba irimo imyobo kandi avanemo ibimenyetso byose by’aho ikivumvuri cyangije. Niba inguri ifite imyobo myinshi, icyo gihe ntiba igomba guterwa. Inguri imaze guhatwa iterwa mu gihe cy’iminsi itarenze itanu. Ibivumvuri by’insina bishobora na none kurwanywa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe, nko kugirira isuku urutoki ( gushangurura, gutemagura imitumba y’insina zisaruwe no kuyisanza, gucoca inguri kugira ngo zume) no gutega ibivumvuri hakoreshejwe imitumba y’insina zasaruwe.

Imitego yatezwe itegurwa nyuma y’amasaha 24, umuhinzi akavanamo ibivumvuri biri mu mitego akajya kubitwika. Umutego awusubizaho kandi ashobora kuwukoresha inshuro eshatu gusa. Nyuma y’iminsi itatu, ahindura umutego (umutumba mushya).

Amashanya (Nematodes)

Amashanya ni ubwoko bw’ibyonnyi bitagaragarira amaso, biba mu butaka, mu mizi n’inguri z’insina. Arya imizi agatuma yangirika. Ubwoko bw’amashanya bwangiza cyane bwitwa Rhodopholus similis bukunze kuboneka mu kibaya cya Rusizi mu Bugarama.
Akenshi ibimenyetso by’amashanya byitiranywa n’ibimenyetso byo kubura ifumbire n’amazi. Ibyo bimenyetso bikunze kuba imizi yangirika ntishobore kuzamura amazi n’ibitunga insina, insina ikura nabi igahinyagara, insina itinda kwana, igira igitoki gito, insina zirandukana n’imizi n’iyo hatari ibibazo by’umuyaga.

Ikimenyetso kigaragarira buri wese cy’ukuntu amashanya yangiza, ni uko insina iranduka yose uko yakabaye, cyane cyane izifite ibitoki.

Uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya amashanya ni ugutera imibyare mizima kandi igaterwa mu murima muzima itagaragayemo ibyonnyi. Uburyo bwo kubona imibyare mizima ibanza guhatwa kugira ngo umuhinzi avaneho imizi n’ibitaka hanyuma akayinika mu mazi ashyushye kugira ngo yice amashanya n’amagi yayo yose. Iyo urutoki rwafashwe n’ubwoko bw’amashanya bwangiza cyane, ruba rugomba kurandurwa hanyuma uwo murima ugahingwamo indi myaka, nk’imyumbati n’ibijumba mu gihe cy’imyaka ibiri, kuko byo bitibasirwa n’amashanya y’insina. Hanyuma, uwo murima ushobora kongera guterwamo.

imvaho nshya

Menya akamaro k’umuneke ku buzima

Menya akamaro k’umuneke ku buzima Imineke iri mu mbuto z’ibanze ku bantu batari bake ku isi. Igihe rubonetse, umuneke ngo ni urubuto rwa kabiri rufite akamaro ku mubiri w’umuntu.
Umuneke rero ngo ufite akamaro kanini ku bijyanye n’ibibazo by’umutima ndetse ngo unafasha mu itembera ry’amaraso, gutera k’umutima ndetse n’igogorwa ry’ibiryo.
Umuneke kandi ukungahaye kuri vitamin C, ituma umubiri w’umuntu ugira ubudahangarwa ikanarinda indwara zandura, ndetse na fer ituma amaraso yiyongera ndetse akanatembera neza mu mubiri.
Kuba ukungahaye kuri vitamin B6 kandi bituma umuneke ugira akamaro mu kugabanya isukari mu mubiri kugera ku rugero rukenewe ndetse no mu kongera abasirikare b’umubiri
Umuneke rero ni urubuto rw’ingenzi, ukaba ugomba kutabura ku ifunguro cyane cyane ku bana badakunda kurya, ku bantu bakunda gukora siporo ndetse no ku bantu bakora imirimo ivunanye.