UBUHINZI BW’IMITEJA Y’IBISHYIMBO

INTANGIRIRO
Ubuhinzi bw’imiteja y’ibishyimbo ni ubuhinzi bushobora kwitabirwa na buri wese kuko imirimo yabwo yoroshye.
Imiteja y’ibishyimbo ikomoka mu majyepho no bice byo hagati muri Amerika. Yazanywe muri afurika n’abanyaburayi bazanwaga no gukora imirimo itandukanye.
Imiteja y’ibishyimbo ni igihingwa kiri mu muryango w’ibinyamisogogwe.
Aho imitejay’ibishyimboikunda
Imiteja y’ibishyimbo ishobora guhingwa mu Rwanda hose. Ariko aho ikunda cyane ni ahari imiterere ikurikira:

• Ubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 20 kugeza kuri 25
• ubutumburuke buri hagati ya metero 1000 kugeza kuri metero 2100
• Imvura igwa ku gipimo kiri hagati ya mirimetero 900 na mirimetero 1200 Ubutaka Imiteja y’ibishyimbo ihingwa mu butaka butarimo amazi menshi kandi bufite ifumbire y’imborera ihagije n’ubusharire bw’ubutaka buri hagati ya 6.5 – 7.5 Amoko y’Imiteja y’Ibishyimbo Hari amako menshi y’imiteja y’ibishyimbo:
• Imiteja irandaranda
• Imiteja migufi Ariko amoko akenerwa ku masoko mpuzamahanga ni aya akurikira: monel, vernadon, gloria, claudia supper monel, espadia, morgan. Irandaranda hari nka Kentucky wonder. Ikigerocy’imbutobatera Iyo utera ibishyimbo by’imiteja ukenera imbuto ingana n’ibiro 50 kugeza ku biro 60 kuri hegitari Imwe. Ku miteja yera irandaranda hakenerwa ibiro 25 kugeza kuri 30 kuri hegitare imwe. Igihecyoguteraimitejay’ibishyimbo Igihe ufite uburyo bwo kuvomerera imyaka ushobora gutera imiteja y’ibishyimbo buri gihe cyose mu mwaka. Mu gihe cy’ihinga gisanzwe imiteja y’ibishyimbo ishobora guterwa; ariko mu gihe cy’imvura nyinshi ukirinda kuyitera mu gishanga kuko itihanganira imvura nyinshi.

Ingerozikurizwamubuhinzibw’imiteja

• Hagati y’umurongo n’undi hajya centimetero 60 kugeza 70 cm
• Haterwa imbuto imwe mu mwobo ufite ubujyakuzimu bwa cm 30
• Hagati y’imbuto n’indi hajya centimetero 5 kugeza ku 10
• Umutabo ugomba kuba ufite metero 1.5 Inganoy’ifumbireikenerwa Imiteja y’ibishyimbo ikenera ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza ingana na toni icumi kuri hegitare imwe (10/ha).Iyo ifumbire iterwa ivangwa n’ubutaka neza mbere yo gutera. Mu gihe k’itera ry’imbuto hakenerwa kandi ifumbire mvaruganda ingana n’ibiro 200 bya DAP kuri hegitare imwe, ikavangwa neza n’ubutaka mbere yo gushyira imbuto mu butaka. Igihe ibishyimbo by’imiteja bitangiye kuzana amababi ya mbere hakoreshwa ifumbire ya CAN ingana n’ibiro 100 kuri hegitare imwe, ikaba kandi yatangira gukoreshwa igihe ibishyimbo by’imiteja bitangiye kuzana ururabo. Gukenuraigihingwacy’imiteja. Imiteja y’ibishyimbo ibagarwa bwa mbere nyuma y’ibyumweru 2 kugeza kuri 3 itewe. Mu kubagara witondera guhungabanya imizi y’igihingwa. Kubagara bwa kabiri bishobora gukorwa nyuma y’ibindi by’umweru 2 kugeza kuri 3, ibagarwa rya mbere ribaye. Wirinda kubagara igihe imiteja y’ibishyimbo itangiye kuzana indabyo. Igihe ufite imirima minini ugamije gukora ubuhinzi bubyara inyungu, igihe imirima ifite urwiri rwinshi ushobora gukoresha imiti ya herbicides ku buryo bukurikira:
• Lasso 4 EC (alahlor) : litiro 3 z’umuti zivangwa muri litiro 400 z’amazi bigakoreshwa kuri hegitari imwe.
• Stamp (Pendimethalin) : litiro 2.5 z’umuti zivangwa muri litiro 400 z’amazi kuri hegitari imwe. Igihe hari urwiri rukabije ushobora gukoresha Basagram(bentazon) hakoreshwa litiro 2.5kugeza kuri 3 kuri hegitari imwe.

IminsiImitejay’ibishyimboisarurirwaho
Imiteja y’ibishyimbo itangira gusarurwa hagati y’iminsi 42 n’iminsi 56 igakomeza gusarurwa kugeza hagati y’ukwezi kumwe n’igice kugeza ku mezi abiri.
Umurumbuko
Iyo imiteja y’ibishyimbo yitaweho neza ishobora gutanga umusaruro ungana na toni 4 kugeza kuri 8 kuri hegitari imwe.
Ukoumusarurowitabwaho
Gusarura imiteja y’ibishyimbo bikorwa mu gihe hatari imvura nyinshi, iyo usarura imiteja ishyirwa mu gikoresho cya pulasitike cyumutse neza.
Abasarura bagomba kuba bafite isuku ku myambaro ndetse no ku mubiri, mu gihe biyemeje gukora ubuhinzi bubyara inyungu.
Iyo basarura imiteja y’ibishyimbo batoranya imeze neza idakomeretse, itarariwe n’udusimba, ifite umubyimba ugororotse utigonzagonze wa mm 6 kugeza kuri mm 9; n’uburebure bwa cm10.
Uko babika Imitejay’Ibishyimbo
Iyo wifuza kohereza Imiteja y’ibishyimbo kw’ isoko mpuzamahanga ukurikiza ibyavuzwe haruguru byose. Mu kuyibika bayishyira mu makarito y’ibiro 3 cyangwa mu bikoresho bya pulasitike bipima kuva ku magarama 250; 500 kugeza ku kiro kimwe. Ibikwa ahantu hari ubukonje buri hagati ya dogeri 7 kugeza ku 8 n’ubuhehere bwa 95% kugeza kuri 100% mu gihe kingana n’icyumweru kugeza ku byumweru 2.
Indwaran’IBYONNYI
a) Akaribata
Ikiyitera: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum(agahumyo)
Aho ifata: imisogwe, amababi, imbuto n’igihimba
Ibimenyetso : Ku mababi hagaragara amabara maremare asa n’umutuku n’amabara y’uruziga asa n’ikigina bivanze n’ikijuju, ku mpande hatukura (ku misogwe)
Kuyirwanya :

• gutera amoko yihanganira indwara
• gutera imbuto itarwaye (yavuye ku misogwe itarwaye)
• gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima
• guhungira imbuto mbere yo kuyitera hakoreshejwe Bénomyl g 2 mu kilo kimwe cy’imbuto b) Ubuhunduguru bwirabura Irindi zina: Aphis fabae Aho ifata: igice cyose cyo hejuru Ibimenyetso : ibishyimbo by’imiteja byafashwe bikura nabi, amababi agahinduka umuhondo. Imiteja ishobora no kuba itwikiriwe n’ibintu bifata nk’ubujeni ubuhunduguru bukora, agahumyo kirabura gakuriramo. Kuyirwanya :
• guhinga kijyambere ku buryo imiteja ikura neza
• gutera Diméthoate1/2L z’umuti kuri hegitari imwe 0.25 litiro kuri hegitari imwe cyangwa Rogor ugakoresha 0.5 litiro kuri

hegitari imwe ushobora no gukoresha Dursban 48%, 1.5 bya litiro kuri hegitari imwe.
c) Bagiteriyoze:
indwara y’ibidomo by’uruziga:
Ikiyitera: Bagiteri yitwa Pseudomonas Syringae p.v phaseolicola
Aho ifata: Amababi, ku misogwe no ku duti
Ibimenyetso: ku mababi haza utudomo duto tw’umuhondo tuzengurutswe n’uruziga rweruruka rufite cm1 y’umurambararo. Amababi akiri mato aba mato cyane, agata isura yayo akaba kandi umuhondo ubengerana rimwe na rimwe. Ku misogwe hazaho ibidomo by’icyatsi kibisi gikabije, kimeze nk’igisize amavuta, hamwe hagira ibara ry’ikijuju gitukura.Utwo tudomo tuba ari uruziga cyangwa tugakurikira imitsi y’ikibabi.
Kuyirwanya :

• gukoresha imbuto zitarwaye n’izihanganira iyo ndwara
• gushyira mu ngarani ibishogoshogo byarwaye bigatabwa
• gusimburanya neza ibihingwa
• gutera umuti wa dacobre g 140 muli litiro 10 z’amazi biterwa kuri ari 1 cyangwa 1.5 Kirabiranya y’Ibishyimbo Ikiyitera: Xanthomonas phaseoli Aho ifata : ku mababi, ku misogwe noku duti Ibimenyetso :- munsi y’amababi hazaho utubara duto tubonerana, tutangana, ariko cyane cyane ku mpande z’amababi.hagati muri ayo mabara ari mu mababi hagati haruma,hagakikizwa n’umuhondo ugaragara cyane. Amababi yafashwe arahunguka.Ku misogwe no ku duti hazaho amabara y’ikigina atangana Kuyirwanya :-
• gutera imbuto zitarwaye n’izihanganira iyo ndwara
• gusimburanya ibihingwa neza mu murima kurandura ibyafashwe no kubitwikira mu mwobo gutera umuti wa Dacobre garama imwe muri litiro 10 z’amazi ugakoreshwa kuri ari imwe cyangwa imwe n’igice.

Byateguwe na :
Rwanda Horticulture Development Authority (RHODA)
P.O.BOX : 621 Kigali / Tél : 0252585249
Website : http://www.rhoda.gov.rw

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Ubuhinzi bw’Ibishyimbo

Igishyimbo gikomoka mu turere two muri Amerika dushyuha, ni ikinyamisogwe gihingwa cyane kubera agaciro kanini gihabwa n’ubwinshi bw’ibyubaka umubiri gikungahayeho.-
Gusarura
Ibishyimbo bisarurwa bimaze amezi abiri n’igice kugeza kuri atatu (ibishyimbo bigufi) bihinzwe, n’amezi atatu kugeza kuri atanu (imishingiriro) bitewe n’akarere n’ imbuto.
Bisarurwa mu buryo bukurikira :
Imishingiriro, imiteja (imitanyu) yumye barayihura bakayishyira mu mifuka cyangwa mu bitebo bakayijyana mu rugo aho byongera kwanikwa bihagije.
Icyitonderwa
Muri iki gikorwa ni ngombwa kugenzura ko imiteja yose yavanywe ku bi# (ibitsinsi) byayo kugira ngo hatagira igisigara mu murima.
Ibishyimbo bigufi bisarurwa hakoreshejwe amaboko, baranduza cyangwa bakata igiti cy’igishyimbo, hanyuma bakareka kikuma mbere y’uko gihurwa (hifashishijwe uburyo bw’amaboko cyangwa imashini zabugenewe mu gusarura no guhura imyaka).
Gusarura n’amaboko
Gusarura ibishyimbo n’amaboko, urabirandura ukabyanika ku zuba.
Iryo sarurwa rikorwa mu gitondo kare, kuko ubuhehere bwa nijoro butuma imitanyu itiyasa ngo intete zitakare.
Mu bihugu bimwe,mbere yo gusarura ibishyimbo babanza kubitera umu#. Uko kubitera umu bikorwa hagamijwe kubyumisha vuba bityo bigatuma uburumbarare bwabyo bugabanuka bikanihu#sha igikorwa cyo kubihura.
Gusarura ukoresheje amamashini
Gusarura ibishyimbo hakoreshejwe amamashini biboneka cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere, bikorwa cyane cyane hakoreshwa imashini kabuhariwe zisarura zigahita zinahura ingano baba bahinduyeho gato.
Izo mashini zifite ubushobozi bwo gusarura hegitari imwemu gihe cy’isaha (0.9-1.1 h/ha). Zimwe mu ngorane zigira ni uko zikenera gukorera mu mirima minini cyane, irambuye,itarimo ibyatsi, ihinzemo ibishyimbo bigufi bishinguye kandi byereye rimwe neza.
Nyuma yo guhurwa, usanga ibishyimbo bibonetse birimo imyandamyinshi n’ubuhehere bugera kuri 20%.Mbere yo kubihunika, ni ngombwa kugabanya iyo myanda n’ubwo buhehere (taux d’humidité), wanika ku buryo busanzwe cyangwa ukoresheje imashini kugeza nibura ku gipimo cya
14% cy’ubuhehere.
Abacuruzi bakunda kubihunikamumifukamuri za hangar zagenewe guhunika. Ubusanzwe, ibishyimbo iyo bimaze gusarurwa biragurishwa ibindi bikabikwa.
Gutwara umusaruro
Imitanyu yashyizwe mu mifuka cyangwa mu bitebo yikorerwa ku mutwe cyangwa ku binyabiziga ikagezwa mu rugo cyangwa ahandi hateguwe. Na none kimwe n’imitanyu, ibitsinsi by’ibishyimbo byaranduwe cyangwa byatemwe birahambirwa bikikorerwa bikajyanwa kwanikwa mu rugo cyangwa ahandi habigenewe.
Icyitonderwa
Muri iki gikorwa hakunze kuboneka igihombo cy’umusaruro gituruka ku inyanyagira ry’umusaruro mu nzira no mu gihe cyose uvanwa ahantu hamwe ujyanwa ahandi.
Kumisha umusaruro w’ibishyimbo
Kumisha umusaruro w’ibishyimbo bikorwa mu birundo: nyuma yo kubirandura, babishyira ku zuba mu murima babihambiriyemo uturundo duto duto.
Guhura no kwanika
Guhura ibishyimbo bikorwa n’amaboko babikubita ibibando ku mbuga ikomeye kandi isukuye.
Kwanika bikorwa basanza ibishyimbo ku mbuga yabugenewe, aho biba biri ku mbuga mu muyaga n’izuba bikahamara iminsi 10 kugeza kuri 15.
Icyitonderwa
Muri icyo gihe ni byiza kubisanza kenshi kugira ngo byume mu rugero rumwe. Ugomba kandi kwirinda kubisanza kugeza nimugoroba kugira ngo bidahura n’ubukonje.
Uretse uburyo bwo kubyanika ku mbuga, ushobora no kubyanika ukoresheje uburyo bw’imirasire y’izuba.
Gutoranya no gusukura umusaruro
Itoranya rikorwa hagamijwe gukuramo impeke ntoya zangiritse (intaganya). Iki gikorwa kirangwa no kugosora umusaruro hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya gakondo (urutaro, inkoko, …) cyangwa imashini zabugenewe zigosora ibinyampeke cyangwa ibinyamisogwe.
Iki gikorwa gikorerwa ahantu hazira ibyonnyi, ni ukuvuga hatagera amatungo yo mu rugo cyangwa ibindi byonnyi (imbeba, …).
Guhunika umusaruro
Umusaruro w’ibishyimbo umaze gukurwamo imyanda yose ushyirwa mu mifuka igaterekwa ahantu hizewe hatagera ibyonnyi (imbeba).
 Ibishyimbo bigomba guhunikwa ahantu hari umwuka, humutse, kandi hatagera ibyonnyi ;
 Igipimo cy’amazi mu ntete mu turere dushyuha kigomba kuba kingana na 15,0% ;
 Ubwinshi bw’ibihunikwa hakurikijwe aho bihunikwa bugomba kungana na 1,3 m3/ T ;
 Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu ihunika ni :
 UmutiwitwaMalathio 2%/ 100g ku biro 100 by’ibishyimbo;
 Umutiw’Actellic 2%/ 100g mu biro 100 by’ibishyimbo;
 Umuti wa Super grain Dust 0,1%/ 50g mu biro 90 by’ibishyimbo.
Guhindura umusaruro
Umusaruro w’ibishyimbo ushobora gukoreshwa ukimara gusarurwa ari mubisi (imiteja, ibitonore, …), wumye (impeke) cyangwa umaze gutunganywa (ifu).
Kubika umusaruro uhinduye
Iki gikorwa cyo kijyana ahanini n’uhindura umusaruro; bitewe n’uburyo awuhindura ndetse n’uburyo azawucuruza.
Aha bashobora kuwubika ku buryo bunyuranye:
 Niba ibishyimbo ari imiteja, bishobora kubikwa mu mashashi agashyirwa mu makarito ;
 Niba ibishyimbo byumye, bibikwamumifuka,mu bitebose, maze bigashyirwa ahantu hizewe hatagera ibyonnyi (amatungo, imbeba) ;
 Niba ibishyimbo bihinduwemo ifu, bishobora kubikwa mu mashashi cyangwa mu mifuka.
Gucuruza umusaruro
Amashyirahamwe cyangwa abahinzi bikorera ku giti cyabo bashobora gucuruza umusaruro wabo ku buryo bunyuranye :
Kugirana amasezerano n’amasoko akomeye nko kugemurira ibigo binini nka za Gereza, ibigo by’amashuri, PAM n’ibindi…
Iyi mfashanyigisho tuyikesha Umushinga
PASNVA ukorera muri MINAGRI

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Ibishyimbo

Ibishyimbo rusange bihingwa ku bushyuhe bwa 17.5-27*c. ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 30 butuma imbuto zigwa, n’ubushyuhe bukeya burangiza. Bihingwa kuri alititide ya 600-1950m.
Ibshyimbo bikenera imvura nyishi igabanyije neza (300-400mm ku kiziga cy’ihinga) Ariko igihe cy’izuba mu isarura kirakenewe. Igihe cy’izuba cyangwa icy’ubukonje kirekire cyangiza ibishyimbo. Ibishyimbo bya mishingiriro bisaba ahantu hagwa imvura nyinshi ariko ibishyimbo bya dwarf bikunda ubutaku butose. Bisaba ubutaka bukomeye burimo ifumbire,PH yegereye 7 kandi bwumutse neza. Bikunda itaka ririmo umunyu.
Isarura/ihunika
Imiteja isarurwa itarakura neza. Isarurwa rikorwa nyuma y’ibyumweru 7-8 nyuma yo gutera imbuto.
Imisogwe isoromwa buri minsi 2-3. umubare w’ibyasaruwe uba mwinshi kuri mishingiriro kurusha ibyo hasi. Ibishyimbo byumye bisarurwa igihe byeze cyane byabaye umuhondo. bimwe biba bigiye kumeneka. Ibishyimbo byasaruwe biranikwa , bikuma kugeza aho babihura. Nyuma yo kubihura, ibishyimbo biranikwa kugera kuri 12% y’ubutite kugira ngo bibikwe neza.
Ibyo abahinzi bakora:
Kwanika ibishyimbo ku zuba ni ingenzi ku gira ngo bibikwe neza. Mbere yo kubihunika, vanga imbuto z’ibishyimbo na:
Ivu
Diatomite
Guhunika ibishyimbo byumye mu kigega gitunganyije gikoze mu cyuma cyangwa parasitke hajyamo akayaga, kujya urebamo nib anta dukoko twagiyemo.
Uko twafata neza ibishyimbo biri mu murima
Ibishyimbo biribwa cyane, bifata umurongo ngenderwaho w’ibiro 25-35kuri hegitari. Nk’ibindi binyamisogwe, ibishyimbo bishobora gufata nitrogen ivuye mu kirere. Ntabwo bikenera nitrogen iturutse mu ifumbire.
Ubutaka bukomeye bufite ifumbire nkeya ntabwo butanga umusaruro mwiza. mu gihe ifumbire ihari, hakenewe ifumbire nziza y’imborera cyangwa ifumbire nziza yo mu murima yaboze. Mu guhagarika ibishyimbo mu murima, ubyubakira igitanda nibura cya metro 1 mu kurwanya ubutaka kwangiza igihingwa. Gukoresha ifumbire neza bituma umusaruro wawe wiyongera. Binabona nitrogen ihagije.
Bibaze, ugomba kubagara ibishyimbo by’imiteja. ibagara rya 1 rigomba kuba mu byumweru 2-3. nyuma hagakorwa irindi bagara mu byumweru 2-3 nyuma. mu kubagara, ibihingwa byigiye hejuru birakenewe mu gufasha ibishyimbo gufataho no kubirinda udukoko tuguruka. guhinga ibishyimbo mu butaka butose bituma bigira indwara nka anthracnose na fusarium ituma imizi ibora.
Ibishyimbo rusange bikenera amazi no kubyuhira. Gufumbira bigira akamaro mu karere kadakonja cyane. kuhira baba bikenewe. Mu buhinzi bwo mu cyaro, ubuhinzi ntabwo bakunda kubufumbira. guhinduranya ibihingwa mu murima ni ngombwa mu guhagarika indwara nka rust y’ibishyimbo. powdery wildew, anthreacnose na fusarium ituma imizi ibora.
Fumbira umurima wawe neza, uhinge imiteja ku gasozi aho kubora kw’imizi kutaboneka. Irinde kuhira n’imiringoti ku kubora kw’imizi no kujyamo udukoko twitwa nematode.

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Ubuhinzi bw’Isogo

Intangiriro
Amoko menshi y’isogo ahingwa hagamijwe gusarura amababi ariyo aribwa harimo Solanum americanum, solanum scabrum na Solanum villosum. Amababi arimo
intungamubiri nyinshi kandi amasoko yayo ni menshi haba mu migi ndetse no mu byaro. Isogo zigira amababi mato kandi arura, zigakundwa n’abantu bakuze mu
Rwanda, Kenya na Tanzaniya. Isogo zigira amababi manini zitarura cyane zikundwa n’abantu bakiri bato. Imbuto z’umuhondo z’ubwoko bwa Solanum villosumni zo zonyine ziribwa.
Amoko y’isogo
Amakuru dukesha ikigo ISAR avuga ko yahisemo kandi irakwirakwiza amoko afite amababi manini atarura cyane ugereranyije n’amoko agira amababi mato arura cyane. Guhitamo ubwoko uhinga biterwa n’ubwoko bukuryohera.
Igihe cyo gutera
Isogo ntabwo zitinya ubukonje nka zimwe mu mboga gakondo nk’isogi. Ishobora guhingwa mu bihe byose by’umwaka iyo amazi ashobora kuboneka.
Ubuhumbikiro
Ubuhumbikiro bugomba kuba buri ahantu hashashe neza kandi hafumbiye hafi y’amazi, ahatazitira urumuri rw’izuba kandi hadatwikiriye mu gihe cy’imvura. Ariko
gutwikira ni ngombwa mu gihe cy’izuba kugira ngo umutabo utumagara cyangwa se ngo ingemwe zirabirane. Ubutaka bugomba gutegurwa neza bukavangwa
n’ifumbire y’amatungo cyangwa se y’imborera ku gipimo cya kg 2-5 kuri m2.
Kubiba no kwicira
Kubera ko imbuto z’isogo ari ntoya cyane zigomba kuvangwa n’umucanga ku rugero rw’inshuro 1 y’utubuto kuri 3 z’umucanga kugira ngo zibibwe ku rugero rungana. Basiga cm 15-20 hagati y’umurongo n’undi. Nyuma yo kubiba, batwikiriza agataka gake hanyuma bakavomerera. Iyo imbuto zimeze, baricira kugira ngo basige cm 2-4 hagati y’ingemwe. Kubagara ni ngombwa igihe hajemo ibyatsi cyane cyane iyo ingemwe zikiri ntoya.
Kugemura no kwita ku ngemwe
Mu byumweru bitatu nyuma yo guhumbika, ugomba kumenyereza ingemwe ubuzima bwo mu murima ugabanya kuvomerera. Ingemwe ziboneka hashize ibyumweru
4-6 igihe zifite ibibabi nyabyo 4-7. Ubutaka bugemurirwamo bugomba kuba buhinze neza, bukavangwa n’ifumbire y’amatungo cyangwa imborera ku gipimo cya kg 2-5 kuri m2 bitewe n’uko iboneka. Mu gutera basiga cm 20 hagati y’ingemwe na cm 20
hagati y’imirongo bagamije kuzajya basoroma buri gihe mu karima k’igikoni. Basiga umwanya munini wa cm 50 x 50 iyo bashaka umusaruro mwinshi wo kohereza ku
isoko ku bantu bahinga ahantu hanini cyangwa se iyo ugamije kuzasarura umwayi (seed production purposes).
Kubagara bifite akamaro by’umwihariko mu gihe cy’impeshyi bigakorwa byibura inshuro imwe mu byumweru bitatu.
Gusarura no kugurisha
Umusaruro uba mwinshi iyo usarura buri gihe udushami tw’impande n’amababi bikiri bitoto. Ibyo bituma havuka ibindi bishibu. Gusarura bishobora gukorwa kugeza ku mezi 5 mu gihe cy’imvura, no kugeza ku mezi 4 mu gihe cy’izuba. Umusaruro kuri hegitari imwe ni hagati ya toni 15-25 bitewe n’ubwoko wateye.
Guteka isogo
Ibisabwa mu gutegura isogo ni ibitunguru, inyanya, amata y’inshyushyu, ubunyobwa, n’amavuta y’ubuto. Guteka isogo ntibigomba kurenza iminota 15. Ibibabi by’isogo bikungahaye ku ntungamubiri, kalisiyumu, fosifori, ubutare n’ibindi.
Kubona imbuto
Imbuto ziboneka nyuma y’amezi 4-6 umaze kugemura cyangwa kwicira. Intera hagati y’ingemwe ahazasarurwa imbuto iba nini (cm 50 x 50) kurusha ahahingiwe
gusarurwa amababi (cm 20-30 x 20-30). Imbuto zamaze guhisha zirasarurwa hanyuma utubuto tugatandukanywa n’ibishishwa byatwo hakoreshejwe intoki cyangwa se imashini yabugenewe. Utubuto duhugutishwa amasaha 24, tukarongwa, tukanikwa, tukabikwa ahantu hafutse kugeza ubwo tuzakoreshwa.

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Uko imyumbati iterwa n’aho igomba guterwa

Tera umurima nibura ungana na hegitari 0.25 (are 25) (niba
ari umurima wo gutuburiramo) ufumbiye, ufite ubutaka
butarekamo amazi.
Tegura neza umurima kandi uwutongoremo ibisigazwa
byose by’ibiti by’imyumbati.
Tera buri bwoko ukwabwo kandi ushyireho ikimenyetso
kiwuranga kigaragara neza.
Herereza umurima wawe muri metero nibura 50 uvuye ku
wundi murima w’imyumbati uri bugufi- iyo ntera irenze
byaba byiza.
Ubahiriza uburyo bw’imihingire busanzwe bukoreshwa
iwanyu nk’amayogi kugira ngo ubutaka buhore
bubobereye.
Tera ku murongo kandi imyumbati ihane intera yagenwe,
ubusanzwe iyo ntera ni 50cm x 100cm iyo ari ugutubura
imbuto cyangwa intera ya 80 cm x 100cm iyo ari guhinga
bisanzwe.
Ugiye gutera, ni ngombwa gukoresha icyuma gityaye mu
gukata ingeri kandi buri ngeri igomba kugira amaso ari
hagati ya 3 na 5 (ubusanzwe ni cm 20-25), ziri ku ruti rutari
rwakura neza.
Hita utera kandi buri ngeri mu mwobo ukwayo, amaso
yerekeye hejuru kandi 2/3 by’ingeri bijye mu butaka. Ingeri
zigomba guterwa impagarike kubera ko zimera vuba kandi
zigafata imizi vuba (ibi cyane cyane iyo ari mu butaka
bw’umusenyi n’ahantu hagwa imvura nke).
Ibyo kwitabwaho mu buhinzi bw’imyumbati
Igihingwa kigomba guterwa mu murima urimo ifumbire ndetse/cyangwa hagakoreshwa ifumbire mvaruganda
NPK17-17-17ku kigero cya kg 135 kuri hegitari ( kg 135/ha)
igihe cy’itera. Ifumbire nk’iyo yongerwamo nyuma y’amezi
2. Bitabaye ibyo, umuntu ashobora gukoresha ifumbire ya
ire (Urée) ku kigero cya kg 75/ha na kg 100/ha za sulufate ya
potasiyumu ku kwezi kwa mbere no ku kwezi kwa 3 nyuma
y’itera ry’igihingwa.
Kubagara umurima cyane cyane mu mezi 4 ya mbere.
Kurandura ibihingwa byimejeje (bitari ubwoko
bw’igihingwa cyatewe) igihe cyose umuntu abisanze mu
murima.
Kurinda ko amatungo yakwangiza igihingwa. Muri ayo
matungo twavuga ihene, intama n’inka.
Gusarura
Imyumbati isarurwa uri uko yeze neza. Ni ukuvuga nibura
nyuma y’amezi umunani itewe.
Ibiti by’imyumbati bya buri bwoko bisarurwa
bitandukanyijwe kandi buri bwoko bugashyirwaho
ikimenyetso kigaragara.
Ibiti by’imyumbati bisarurwa kugira ngo bizavemo
imbuto ni ibidafite indwara (ububembe, kabore). Ni
ngombwa kurandura no gutwika ibiti byafashwe n’indwara
no kujugunya ibiti by’imyumbati bigaragara ko bitari
iby’ubwoko bwatewe.
Isarura rirangiye, ni ngombwa gukura mu murima
ibisigazwa by’imyumbati byose.

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Uko umwumbati uhingwa

Muri afurika, umwumbati akenshi uhingwa ku mirima mito, ivanze n’imboga, ibindi bihingwa nk’ikawa , n’imbuto, ibijumba, ibigori,umueri, ubunyobwa n’ibindi. Ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane mu bahinzi bato kubera ko ihenze no kuba itaboneka. Imizi isarurwa hagati y’amezi 6 n’imyaka 3 nyuma yo guhinga.
1.Mu Rwanda Ihingwa cyane mu mayaga, mu murambi n’umukenke by’iburasirazuba. Ihingwa mu butaka buseseka, bw’isi ndende kandi buhitisha amazi.
2. Amoko yamamazwa n’ibiyaranga

3. Gutegura umurima:
• Kurwanya isuri.
• Guhinga umurima.
4. Gufumbira:
• Bashyiramo 10-20 T/Ha z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza.
• Bakongeramo 300 Kg/Ha za NPK17.17.17, mu kaziga kazengurutse ingeri zimaze gufata.
5. Gutera ingeri:
• Batera ingeri zivuye mu murima w’imyumbati itarwaye kandi year neza. Ingeri iba ifite byibuze amaso 5.
• Batera ingeri 10.000 z’imyumbati kuri Ha.
• Batera kuri 1 m hagati y’imirongo, no kuri 1 m hagati y’ingeri n’iyindi.
• Bashyira ingeri 1 mu mwobo.
• Igihe cy’itera: hagati y’Ukwakira n’Ugushyingo.
6. Kuyikenura (Kuyikorera cg Kuyifata neza):
• Kubagara nyuma y’ukwezi bamaze gutera.
• Gusukira imaze kugira 60 cm z’uburebure.
• Bongera kubagara iyo bibaye ngombwa, umwumbati ufite amezi 3.
7. Indwara n’ibyonnyi
A). INDWARA Z’INGENZI N’UBURYO BWO KUZIRWANYA

• Indwara y’ububembe ni indwara iterwa n’agakoko ko m’ubwoko bwa virusi bita Cassava Mosaic Virus – CMV; iyo virusi ikwirakwizwa n’isazi bita Bemisia tabaci. Iyo ndwara iboneka ahahingwa hose imyumbati mu Rwanda, n’ahandi muri Afrika. Indwara itangira ikibabi kizana amabara y’imihondo, ahasigaye ari icyatsi hakaguma gukura ugasanga ikibabi kirikunjakunja, kigapfunyarara nyuma kikagira amatwi.

Iyo bikabije umwumbati ukura nabi ukagwingira. Umuhinzi agomba kurandura buri gihe ibiti birwaye mu murima; Guhingira igihe;
Gutera imbuto nzima yatoranijwe neza mu murima; Gukoresha imbuto z’indobanure zihanganira indwara no gukomatanya ingamba zavuzwe haruguru, kugirira isuku umurima no guhinga neza ku buryo birwanya kandi bigakumira ingaruka ziterwa na Bemisia tabaci (Isazi).
Amoko y’imyumbati yihanganira indwara ni NDAMIRABANA/ISAR (TME
14) ; MBAGARUMBISE/ISAR (MH95/0414); CYIZERE/ISAR (I92/0057)
na MBAKUNGAHAZE/ISAR (95/NA/00063)
Izo mbuto zose zihanganira indwara kandi zikagira umurumbuko kuva kuri toni 20 kugeza kuri toni 40 kuri hegitari imwe mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi.
B). IBYONNYI BY’INGENZI N’UBURYO BWO KUBIRWANYA

• Agatagangurirwa ni agakoko bita Mononychellus tanajoa. Ni udutagangurirwa dufite ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi. Twangiza imyumbati cyane mu gihe cy’izuba. Ku mwumbati tugaragara ku mababi yo hejuru akivuka no ku mutwe w’amashami kuko horoshye. Amababi usanga ari icyatsi kibisi kivanzemo utubara tw’umuhondo kandi twinshi. Amababi ata ireme akagwingira ntakure, nyuma agahunguka. Ku mutwe w’amashami hasigara utubabi tumeze nk’utwana tw’inyoni. Umwumbati ugira ingingo ngufi cyane.

Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya : gutera imyumbati yera vuba, mu gihe imvura itangiye kugwa (ku muhindo) ; gutera amoko yihanganira agatagangurirwa.
8. Gusarura no guhunika:
• Basarura hagati ya 20 T na 50 T/Ha z’imyumbati bitewe n’imihingire.
• Iguma mu mirima ikazakurwa bibaye ngombwa; cyangwa ikabikwa ahantu humutse ari imivunde yumye; ubundi ikavamo ifu y’ubugari.
hifashishijwe:agatabo DUHINGE KIJYAMBERE – agatabo ka 2

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Imbogamizi mu musaruro w’ umwumbati

Udukoko twa ngombwa turya imyumbati ni green mite, mealybug na variegated grasshopper. Indwara zifata imyumbati ni cassava mosaic desease, bacterial blight, anthracnose, na root rot. Udukoko n’indwara bifatanyije hamwe n’imikorere mibi, bihura bitera gutakara k’umusaruro ku buryo bishobora kugera kuri 50% muri afurika.
Umusaruro w’imyumbati uterwa n’ubwiza bw’ibiti bitemye bahinga. Ubwiyongere bwabyo ni bucye cyane ugereranyije n’ibihingwa bigira imbuto byo biba bifite imbuto zihingwa nziza kandi zihagije. Ibyo biti bahinga biba bifite amazi bikaba bibora. Babanza kubyanika iminsi mike.
Nk’igihingwa kigira imizi, umwumbati ukenera abakozi bahagije mu gusarura. Kubera ko umwumbati ubora cyane, uhita uhinduramo ibindi bibikika neza.
Igiti cy’umwumbati gikurana n’imizi yacyo kuko ariyo ikoreshwa nk’ibiribwa.imyumbati year mu butaka bukennye aho ibindi biribwa bitabasha kwera neza. Umwumbati ufite ubushobozi bwo kwera ahantu hataboneka imvura. Kubera ko imizi y’umwumbati ishobora kumara amezi 24 ubundi bwoko bumara amezi 36 mu butaka. Iyo usaruye uhita ushyira ku isoko, guyihindura cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Imyumbati iraribwa n’inyamaswa zirayirya, mu ngo nyinshi imyumbati iraribwa igatera ingufu. Ivamo ifu bakoramo ubugali.amababi y’imyumbati aribwa nk’imboga, zitanga ama proteins na vitamin a na b.

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Imyumbati

Umwumbati ni igiti cyoroshye kimara igihe kirekire gifite imizi iribwa. Cyera mu burere bushyuha no munsi yubwo burere.
Witwa na none yuca, manioc cyangwa mandioca. Umwumbati ukunda kwera ku butaka aho ibinyampeke n’ibindi bihingwa bidakunda kwera neza. Byera ahantu hatari intungamubiri nyinshi. Kubera ko imizi imyumbati imara nk’amezi 24 mu butaka, n’ubundi bwoko bumara amezi 36 mu butaka, usarura uhita ugurisha, kuyihinduramo ibindi bintu cyangwa ubundi buryo burashoboka.
Muri Afurika, umwumbati uduha ibiryo dukuramo ingufu za buri munsi. Imizi y’imyumbati ivamo ibintu byinshi nk’ubugari, ifu, n’ibindi. Ushobora kuribwa uwutetse utumishije. Aho umwumbati wera mubihugu byinshi byo muri afurika, ibibabi nabyo biraribwa nk’imboga, bifite intungamubiri nyinshi nka porotyine na vitamin a na b.
Mu burasirazuba bw’Amajyepfo ya Asiya n’amerika y’amjyepfo, umwumbati ufatwa nk’igihingwa kibazanira umutungo. Igiti y’imyumbati gikoreshwa mu gukora impapuro n’imyenda, n’ibyitwa monosodium glutamate ikoreshwa nk’ikirungo k’ingirakamaro mu butetsi bwo muri aziya. Muri afurika umwumbati watangiye gusimbura ifu y’ingano.

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Ubuhinzi bw’Ingano

Mu Rwanda, ingano ni igihingwa cy’ingirakamaro. Nyamara muri iki gihe, imbuto ziriho zagaragaje kutihanganira indwara cyane, zigatanga umusaruro muke kandi ifarini yazo ntitange umugati mwiza. Ibi rero bisaba ko hashakwa imbuto nziza yakemura ibyo bibazo.
AKAMARO K’INGANO MU RWANDA
Ingano zihingwa kugira ngo zitange ifarini yakoreshwa mu gukora :
— umugati,
— igikoma,
— umutsima,
— bazirya ari igiheri,
— zitanga isaso y’ibihingwa

• -ibisigazwa byazo bigaburirwa amatungo.

IBIBAZO BY’INGANO MU RWANDA
N’ubwo akamaro k’ingano ari kanini kandi kazwi, hagiye hagaragara ibibazo bimwe na bimwe. Aha twavuga amoko y’ingano atihanganira indwara, ibyonnyi ndetse
n’ibindi biza, ubutaka bwagundutse n’ubumenyi bukeya bw’abahinzi mu gutunganya umusaruro wabo.
Umusaruro kuri hegitari kandi uracyari muke mu mirima y’abahinzi ugereranije n’uboneka mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi (ISAR). Ibi bituma igihugu gitumiza ingano nyinshi hanze buri mwaka bigatwara amafaranga menshi.
UBWOKO BUSANZWE BUHINGWA MU RWANDA

Kugira ngo umusaruro wiyongere, imbuto y’ingano E 161 yarageragejwe igaragaza ibyiza byinshi.
IMBUTO NSHYA E 161
Iyi mbuto yaturutse muri CIMMYT-Mexico. Ni ubwoko butanga umusaruro munini, bwihanganira indwara, ibyonnyi n’ibindi biza, ndetse ukanantanga ifarini nziza.
AHO UBU BWOKO (E 161) BWERA
Iyi mbuto yera mu misozi miremire uhereye ku butumburuke bwa metero 1900 kugeza kuri m 2500; mu turere tw’amakoro, isunzu rya Congo Nili no mu misozi miremire y’Ububeruka.
IBYO UBWOKO E 161 BUKENERA
Ubutaka
Ubutaka bw’isi ndende, bufite ifumbire y’imborera ihagije kandi buhitisha amazi.
Igihe cy’itera
Batera hagati muri Nzeli kugera hagati mu Kwakira (Igihe cy’ihinga A), no hagati muri Werurwe kugeza hagati muri Mata (Igihe cy’ihinga B).
Igerambuto
Ikiro kimwe cy’imbuto giterwa kuri ari imwe, bagatera ku mirongo ikomeje, itandukanijwe na cm 20.
Ifumbire y’imborera
Ibilo ijana kuri ari 1 mbere y’ibiba.
Ifumbire mvaruganda
 Kg 2,5 za NPK 17 17 17 cyangwa kg 1 ya DAP
18-46-0 kuri ari 1.
 Kg 1 ya ire kuri ari 1nyuma y’ibyumweru 5-6 uteye.
Kuzikenura
Kumenera, kubagara, gusukira cyangwa kurandura ibyatsi bimeramo nyuma.
Uburyo E 161 yihanganira indwara n’ibyonnyi by’ingano
Yihanganira umugese w’umuhondo;
Irwanya umugese w’umukara;
Irwanya umugese w’ibihogo;
Irwanya sebutoriyoza (septoriose);
Irwanya fizariyoze (fusariose);
Yihanganira ukubabuka kw’amababi;
Irwanya uruhumbu;
Irwanya BarleyYellow Dwarf virus (BYDV);
Iminsi yereraho
E 161 yerera iminsi 120 kugeza kuri 128 bitewe n’uturere yahinzwemo.
Umusaruro wa E 161: Itanga toni 4 kugeza kuri toni 6 kuri hegitari.
Isoko y’inkuru:
Iyi mfashanyigisho yatewe inkunga n’umushinga
PASNVA ukorera muri MINAGRI

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Ni gute insina ya Kamaramasenge ifatwa kugirango itange umusaruro?

Hari byinshi insina ya Kamaramasenge isaba ngo itange umusaruro

Kimwe mu bigomba kwitabwaho n’umuhinzi harimo kwicira insina igihe yafashe imaze kubyara, insina igomba kwicirwa mumurima. Imibyare y’umurengera igomba kugabanywa hagasigara imibyare 3 gusa. Ibi ngo ni ukugirango insina zidacuranwa urumuri, amazi n’imyunyu. Biba byiza iyo igitsinsi kimwe kiriho insina 3 arizo :nyina yazo ifite igitoki,umwana wayo wenda kwana n’akuzukuru(umubyare).Kugirango bigerweho umubyare 1 wonyine niwo ugomba kwemererwa gukura. Biba byiza gutoranya umubyare werekeye aho izuba rirasira kugirango ujye ukurura imirasire yo mu gitondo myinshi. Ibi aho bidakurikizwa ni aho kamaramasenge ziteye hahanamye. Ni ngombwa gushishoza mu gutoranya imibyare yo gukata n’uburyo ukatwa. Gukata umubyare bikorerwa ku munigo w’insina hagati ya cm 5-10 munsi y’ubutaka.

Mu byiza byo gukata cyangwa kwicira insina harimo ko umubare w’insina zera ibitoki ku gitsinsi kimwe udahinduka, ntizicuranwe urumuri, amazi ndetse n’imyunyu. Insina ntizitinda kwana kandi zana ibitoki binini kurushaho.

Hari uburyo 2 bwo kwicira insina ;zishobora kwicirwa ku murongo ugororotse cyangwa ku ruziga. Uburyo bw’uruziga bukaba aribwo bwiza cyane kuko insina zidakunda kuva mu cyobo zateweho n’imirongo zatereweho ikomeza kuba yayindi kandi igororotse naho ububanza insina zijya kure y’icyobo zaterewemo zikanata imirongo zatereweho kandi si byiza. Insina zigomba gushangururwa/gukaragirwa mu rutoki urwarirwo rwose no kuri kamara by’umwihariko. Bituma insina zigumana isuku kandi urumuri rukinjira mu rutoki neza.
Amashara akingiriza abana b’insina n’ibirere byumiye aho umutumba utereya biba indiri y’ibivumvuri byibasira insina. Amakoma menshi atuma umwuka utagera ku nsina kandi n’ubutaka bugahehera cyane. Ibyo bituma udukoko dutera indwara twororoka nk’izitwa Sigatoka hamwe n’indwara ituma umutumba ubora. Amakoma yose afite ibara ry’icyatsi ku gipimo cya 50% yagombye gucibwa akaba isaso uretse igihe Kamaramasenge ifite indwara ya Kirabiranya(BXW), Insina ishobora gukurwaho amakoma yigushije igihe zitarana kuko byagaragaye ku ngo ko ahanini insina yana amaseri akaza akurikije umubare w’amakoma ifite yana. Insina yakagombye kwana ifite hagati y’amakoma 6-9 ikagera igihe cyo gusarurwa isigaranye amakoma 4 kugirango igitoki gikure neza. Si byiza kumaraho amakoma yose kuko byatuma igitoki gikomera imburagihe.
Insina za Kamaramasenge ni byiza ko zisasirwa, zikabagarwa, gukurwaho imyanana n’ibindi
Insina igomba gusasirwa, iyo ushaka gusasira Kamaramasenge ufata ibyatsi ugatwikira ubutaka. Urugero rw’ibyo ukoresha usasira ni nk’ibikomoka ku rutoki nk’amashara, imitumba, ibisigazwa by’imyaka yeze, ibikenyeri, ibyatsi byo mu gishanga n’ibindi. Gusasira Kamaramasende bituma zikomeza gutanga umusaruro igihe kirekire.
Ibi bituma amazi acengera mu butaka neza kandi agatindamo, iyo saso iba ifumbire iyo itangiye kubora, bigatuma ubutaka buhorana amafu,ubushyuhe kandi ntibuhindagurike cyane. Bituma ubutaka buba bwiza, ntibugunduke vuba, ntibutwarwe n’isuri kandi bituma ibyatsi bitaba byinshi mu rutoki kuko bitabona urumuri ngo bikure.
Isaso igomba gushyirwa nibura kuri 30cm-60cm uvuye aho insina itereye. Insina za Kamaramasende zigomba kubagarirwa, zigakurwamo ibyatsi bibi
.
Ibi bishobora gukorwa uruhingira cyangwa n’intoki igihe hatarimo ibyatsi byinshi cyangwa rusasiye. Si byiza guhingira Kamaramasenge iyo irimo ibyatsi byinshi,iyo ubikoze wirinda kugeza isuka hasi kugira ngo udatema imizi cyangwa ukayikomeretsa. Umuhinzi agomba kurinda Kamaramasenge kugira inguri zanamye hanze. Ibi ni bibi kuko bituma insina iba idafite ingufu ikaba yaranduka mu buryo bworoshya cyangwa ikuma.Gusasira Kamaramasenge utegerereje isaso ku nsina bituma insina igira imizi myinshi kandi ikanakomera. Uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda insina ni ukuyitera mu myobo miremire igera kuri 80cm z’ubujyakuzimu. Ni byiza gukuraho umwanana ku gitoki kuko bituma igitoki gikura neza,kikagira amabere manini,kandi bikarinda indwara nk’igikongoro n’iyitwa kirabiranya(Bananas Xanthomonas Wilt,BXW) zikwirakwizwa n’udukoko tuza ku mwanana w’insina.
Umwana ugomba gucibwa nibura umaze kugira cm 15 uhereye ku iseri rya nyuma, ni ukuvuga nyuma y’iminsi 7 igitoki kimaze kubumbura.Mu ntoki zirimo kirabiranya umwanana ugomba gucibwa amabere yose akimara gusohoka. Gutega igitoki bituma insina itagwa igitoki kimaze kuremera,si ngombwa gutegereza ko igitoki cyenda kugwa. Ku buryo bw’umwihariko batega ibitoki iyo amapfa yateye insina zikaba zidafite ingufu, iyo zirwaye n’iyo hari imiyaga n’imvura y’amahindu.Iyi nkuru tukaba tuyikesha igitabo“Imfashanyigisho ku buhinzi bwa Kamaramasenge,Inanasi na Marakuja” igitabo cyasohotse muri Nyakanga 2009. Bahinzi rero nimuhinge mweze,mwiteze imbere mukurikiza inama mugirwa. Ubutaha tuzabagezaho amafumbire akenerwa mu gufumbira Kamaramasenge,uko isarurwa iyo yeze,uko ihunikwa n’ibindi.

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